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Meningitis

Generalities
Agent There are several agents causing meningitis.
1) Main Bacteria:
- Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcus): Gram negative diplococci. Main invasive serotypes are A, B, C, W135, X, and Y.
- Haemophilus influenza: Gram negative cocco-bacilli. There are 6 serotypes from (a) to (f). The serotype (b) is responsible of invasive infection.
- Streptococcus pneumonia (pneumococcus): Gram positive diplococci. There are more than 90 serotypes.
- Leptospira: spirochetes, Leptospira interrogans (26 serogroups)
- Listeria monocytogenes: Gram positive, rod-shapped
- Other bacterial agents: Staphylococcus, enteric bacteria, group B streptococci, Mycobacterium tuberculosis…
2) Virus:
- Mumps
- Measles
- West Nile virus: a Flavivirus
- Enterovirus: including Coxsackieviruses A (2-4, 7, 9-10), Coxsackieviruses B (1-6), Echoviruses (2, 5-7, 9-11, 14, 18, 30), Enterovirus 71, Poliovirus (1-3)
- Herpes Simplex virus (types 1 and 2): family Herpesviridae
- Varicella-Zoster virus: Human (alpha) Herpesvirus 3 (varicella-zoster) from the group Herpesvirus
- Adenovirus: Adenovirus, several types (1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 7), genus Mastadenovirus, family Adenoviridae, - Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus: an Arenavirus
- Sandfly fever viruses: genus Phlebovirus, family Bunyaviridae. They include more than 60 antigenically distinct virus serotypes. Two main groups are identified: a) Sandfly fever group including the Naples serocomplex (Karimabad virus, Arabia virus, Massilia virus, Punique virus, Tehran virus, Toscana virus …) and Sicilian serocomplex; and b) Uukuniemi group
-Other virus: arboviruses…
3) Parasites: - Candida albicans, cryptococcus…
Incubation period varies with the agent
Period of transmissibility varies with the agent
Reservoir varies with the agent
Modes of transmission varies with the agent
Clinical presentation varies with the agent
Resources
Case definition MOPH circular no. 52 (2007): Meningitis
MOPH circular no. 63 (2007): Neisseria meningitidis
MOPH circular no. 54 (2007): Haemophilus influenzae b
MOPH circular no. 36 (2012): West Nile Virus
Forms - Meningitis reporting form
- Meningitis investigation form
Data - Weekly report
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ATC Name B/G Ingredients Dosage Form Price
D07CC02 GENTACORT-FC G Fluocinolone acetonide - 0.01%, Clotrimazole - 1%, Gentamicin (sulfate) - 0.1% Cream 302,365 L.L
J01CR05 PRIZMA G Piperacillin (sodium) - 4g, Tazobactam (sodium) - 0.5g Injectable powder for solution 913,813 L.L
M01AE51 IBUGESIC COLD AND SINUS G Ibuprofen - 200mg, Pseudoephedrine HCl - 30mg Tablet, film coated 154,542 L.L
R03AK06 SEROFLO-S 125 G Salmeterol (xinafoate) - 25mcg/inhalation, Fluticasone propionate - 125mcg/inhalation Inhalation suspension 1,212,146 L.L
D07XA01 DAKTACORT B Hydrocortisone - 10mg/g, Miconazole nitrate - 20mg/g Cream 208,296 L.L
J01CR05 YANOVEN G Piperacillin (sodium) - 4g, Tazobactam (sodium) - 0.5g Injectable powder for solution 997,259 L.L
M01AE51 RELI-FLU G Ibuprofen - 200mg, Pseudoephedrine HCl - 30mg Tablet, film coated 139,504 L.L
R03AK06 CYVAX G Salmeterol (xinafoate) - 25mcg/inhalation, Fluticasone propionate - 250mcg/inhalation Inhalation suspension 1,710,712 L.L
D07XB05 ECOZONE G Dexamethazone sodium phosphate - 0.1%, Econazole nitrate - 1% Cream 364,757 L.L
J01CR05 YANOVEN G Piperacillin (sodium) - 4g, Tazobactam (sodium) - 0.5g Injectable powder for solution 10,860,623 L.L
M01AE51 PROFINAL XP G Ibuprofen - 400mg, Caffeine - 65mg Caplet, film coated 286,238 L.L
R03AK06 SEROFLO 250 G Salmeterol (xinafoate) - 50mcg/inhalation, Fluticasone propionate - 250mcg/inhalation Inhalation suspension 1,580,359 L.L
D07XC01 LOTRIDERM B Betamethasone (dipropionate) - 0.5mg/g, Clotrimazole - 10mg/g Cream 408,528 L.L
J01CR05 PIPERACILLINE/ TAZOBACTAM ARROW Piperacillin (sodium) - 4g, Tazobactam (sodium) - 500mg 7,378,682 L.L
M01AE51 FLUMIX BENTA G Ibuprofen - 200mg, Guaifenesin - 200mg, Chlorpheniramine maleate - 2mg, Phenylephrine HCl - 5mg Tablet, film coated 875,417 L.L
R03AK06 SEROFLO-S 250 G Salmeterol (xinafoate) - 25mcg/inhalation, Fluticasone propionate - 250mcg/inhalation Inhalation suspension 1,725,494 L.L
A02BC DANLOX QUICK G Omeprazole - 20mg, Sodium bicarbonate - 1680mg Powder 1,323,685 L.L
D07XC01 BETA-MICOTER G Betamethasone (dipropionate) - 0.5mg/g, Clotrimazole - 10mg/g Cream 415,951 L.L
J01CR05 TAZOBACT Piperacillin sodium - 4g, Tazobactam (sodium) - 500mg 783,460 L.L
M01AE51 FLUMIX BENTA G Ibuprofen - 200mg, Guaifenesin - 200mg, Chlorpheniramine maleate - 2mg, Phenylephrine HCl - 5mg Tablet, film coated 460,746 L.L
R03AK07 SYMBICORT B Formoterol fumarate dihydrate - 4.5mcg/Inhalation, Budesonide - 160mcg/Inhalation Inhalation powder 3,378,420 L.L
D07XC01 DIPROSALIC B Salicylic acid - 30mg/g, Betamethasone (dipropionate) - 0.5mg/g Ointment 352,087 L.L
J01CR50 FLUMOX G Flucloxacillin (monohydrate) - 250mg, Amoxicillin (trihydrate) - 250mg Capsule 348,055 L.L
J07BD52 PRIORIX B Rubella virus live attenuated - ?10³ CCID50, Mumps virus live attenuated - ?103.7 CCID50, Measles virus live attenuated - ?10³ CCID50 Injectable lyophilised powder for solution+diluent 1,142,266 L.L
R03AK07 SYMBICORT TURBUHALER B Formoterol fumarate dihydrate - 4.5mcg/inhalation, Budesonide - 160mcg/inhalation Inhalation powder 1,689,210 L.L
D07XC03 ELICA M G Mometasone furoate - 0.1%, Miconazole nitrate - 2% Cream 459,594 L.L
J07BD52 M-M-R II (MEASLES, MUMPS AND RUBELLA VIRUS VACCINE LIVE) B Rubella virus live attenuated - , Mumps virus live attenuated - , Measles virus live attenuated - Injectable solution+diluent 12,924,401 L.L
R03AK07 BUFOMIX EASYHALER G Formoterol fumarate dihydrate - 4.5mcg/inhalation, Budesonide - 160mcg/inhalation Metered dose inhaler 2,365,163 L.L
D07XC03 ELICASAL G Mometasone furoate - 1mg/g, Salicylic acid - 50mg/g Ointment 462,282 L.L
J07BD52 MEASLES, MUMPS AND RUBELLA VACCINE LIVE ATTENUATED (FREEZE-DRIED) MMR G Rubella virus live attenuated - ?1000CCID50 /0.5ml, Mumps virus live attenuated - ?5000CCID50 /0.5ml, Measles virus live attenuated - ?1000CCID50 /0.5ml Injectable freeze dried powder + diluent 739,113 L.L
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