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Meningitis

Generalities
Agent There are several agents causing meningitis.
1) Main Bacteria:
- Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcus): Gram negative diplococci. Main invasive serotypes are A, B, C, W135, X, and Y.
- Haemophilus influenza: Gram negative cocco-bacilli. There are 6 serotypes from (a) to (f). The serotype (b) is responsible of invasive infection.
- Streptococcus pneumonia (pneumococcus): Gram positive diplococci. There are more than 90 serotypes.
- Leptospira: spirochetes, Leptospira interrogans (26 serogroups)
- Listeria monocytogenes: Gram positive, rod-shapped
- Other bacterial agents: Staphylococcus, enteric bacteria, group B streptococci, Mycobacterium tuberculosis…
2) Virus:
- Mumps
- Measles
- West Nile virus: a Flavivirus
- Enterovirus: including Coxsackieviruses A (2-4, 7, 9-10), Coxsackieviruses B (1-6), Echoviruses (2, 5-7, 9-11, 14, 18, 30), Enterovirus 71, Poliovirus (1-3)
- Herpes Simplex virus (types 1 and 2): family Herpesviridae
- Varicella-Zoster virus: Human (alpha) Herpesvirus 3 (varicella-zoster) from the group Herpesvirus
- Adenovirus: Adenovirus, several types (1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 7), genus Mastadenovirus, family Adenoviridae, - Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus: an Arenavirus
- Sandfly fever viruses: genus Phlebovirus, family Bunyaviridae. They include more than 60 antigenically distinct virus serotypes. Two main groups are identified: a) Sandfly fever group including the Naples serocomplex (Karimabad virus, Arabia virus, Massilia virus, Punique virus, Tehran virus, Toscana virus …) and Sicilian serocomplex; and b) Uukuniemi group
-Other virus: arboviruses…
3) Parasites: - Candida albicans, cryptococcus…
Incubation period varies with the agent
Period of transmissibility varies with the agent
Reservoir varies with the agent
Modes of transmission varies with the agent
Clinical presentation varies with the agent
Resources
Case definition MOPH circular no. 52 (2007): Meningitis
MOPH circular no. 63 (2007): Neisseria meningitidis
MOPH circular no. 54 (2007): Haemophilus influenzae b
MOPH circular no. 36 (2012): West Nile Virus
Forms - Meningitis reporting form
- Meningitis investigation form
Data - Weekly report
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ATC Name B/G Ingredients Dosage Form Price
M01AC01 BRUXICAM B Piroxicam - 0.5% Drops solution 530,818 L.L
C09BA05 TRILTEC PLUS G Ramipril - 10mg, Hydrochlorothiazide - 12.5mg Tablet 2,243,577 L.L
N01BB58 ARTICAINE MEDIS ADRENALINE G Articaine HCl - 40mg/ml, Adrenaline - 0.07mg/ml Injectable solution 1,881,380 L.L
C09BA05 TRILTEC PLUS G Ramipril - 5mg, Hydrochlorothiazide - 12.5mg Tablet 2,189,823 L.L
N01BB58 ORABLOC G Articaine HCl - 4%, Epinephrine (tartrate) - 1/100.000 Injectable solution 2,308,721 L.L
R01AB01 VAPICIL MICRODOSER G Phenylephrine - 2.5mg/ml, Dimethindene maleate - 0.25mg/ml Spray 239,204 L.L
A10BD20 EMPAZIMET G Metformin HCl - 1000mg, Empagliflozin - 5mg Tablet, film coated 1,840,168 L.L
C09BB02 ZANIPRESS B Lercanidipine HCl - 10mg, Enalapril maleate - 20mg Tablet, film coated 2,548,821 L.L
R01AB06 TRIOFAN B Xylometazoline HCl - 0.5mg/ml, Carbocysteine - 5mg/ml Spray, solution 608,761 L.L
A01AD11 PYRALVEX B Salicylic acid - 0.01g/ml, Rhubarb (Anthraquinone Glycosides) - 0.05g/ml Solution 327,898 L.L
A06AD61 SOFLAX G Lactose - less than 6g/100ml, Galactose - less than 11g/100ml, Lactulose - 67g/100ml Solution 258,018 L.L
A10BD20 FLORIMET 5/1000 G Metformin - 1000mg, Empagliflozin - 5mg Tablet, film coated 1,836,585 L.L
C09BB02 ZANIPRESS B Lercanidipine HCl - 10mg, Enalapril maleate - 10mg Tablet, film coated 2,280,949 L.L
M01AC56 MOBITIL G Meloxicam - 15mg, Beta-cyclodextrine - 75mg Tablet, film coated 212,327 L.L
R01AB06 TRIOFAN B Xylometazoline HCl - 1mg/ml, Carbocysteine - 10mg/ml Spray, solution 646,388 L.L
A02AC10 RENNIE B Magnesium carbonate - 80mg, Calcium carbonate - 680mg Tablet, chewable 200,233 L.L
A06AD65 FORTRANS POUDRE POUR SOLUTION BUVABLE B Potassium chloride - 0.750g, Sodium chloride - 1460g, Sodium bicarbonate - 1680g, Sodium sulfate anhydrous - 5700g, Macrogol 4000 - 64.000g Powder for solution 927,251 L.L
A10BD21 ENFORZA B Saxagliptin HCl - 5mg, Dapagliflozin - 10mg Tablet, film coated 6,072,824 L.L
C09BB04 COVERAM B Perindopril arginine - 5mg, Amlodipine - 5mg Tablet 821,088 L.L
R01AB06 NARIX G Xylometazoline HCl - 90mcg/actuation, Carbocisteine - 900mcg/actuation Spray 518,339 L.L
A02AC10 TUMS EXTRA STRENGTH 750 ASSORTED FRUIT B Calcium carbonate - 750mg Tablet, chewable 421,967 L.L
A06AD65 MOVICOL B Potassium chloride - 0.0466g, Sodium chloride - 0.3507g, Sodium bicarbonate - 0.1785g, Macrogol 3350 - 13.125g Powder for solution 853,340 L.L
C09BB04 PRESORYL PLUS G Perindopril arginine - 5mg, Amlodipine (besylate) - 5mg Tablet 557,695 L.L
R01AB06 OTRIVIN DUAL RELIEF B Xylometazoline HCl - 0.5mg/ml, Ipratropium bromide - 0.6mg/ml Solution 563,070 L.L
A02AF02 MAALOX PLUS B Dimethicone - 25mg, Aluminium hydroxide - 200mg, Magnesium hydroxide - 200mg Tablet, chewable 166,636 L.L
A06AD65 MOVICOL PEDIATRIC PLAIN B Potassium chloride - 23.3mg, Sodium chloride - 175.4mg, Sodium bicarbonate - 89.3mg, Macrogol 3350 - 6.563g Powder for solution 624,887 L.L
C09BB04 COVERAM B Perindopril arginine - 10mg, Amlodipine - 5mg Tablet 1,116,733 L.L
R01AB08 RINOFLUIMUCIL B Acetylcysteine - 1%, Tuaminoheptane sulfate - 0.5%, Benzalkonium chloride - 0.0125% Solution 419,279 L.L
R06AE55 VOMINORE-JPM G Meclozine HCl - 25mg, Pyridoxine HCl - 50mg Tablet 259,362 L.L
A02AF02 ACTONORM B Aluminium hydroxide - 220mg/5ml, Magnesium hydroxide - 200mg/5ml, Simethicone - 25mg/5ml Suspension 425,998 L.L
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