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Meningitis

Generalities
Agent There are several agents causing meningitis.
1) Main Bacteria:
- Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcus): Gram negative diplococci. Main invasive serotypes are A, B, C, W135, X, and Y.
- Haemophilus influenza: Gram negative cocco-bacilli. There are 6 serotypes from (a) to (f). The serotype (b) is responsible of invasive infection.
- Streptococcus pneumonia (pneumococcus): Gram positive diplococci. There are more than 90 serotypes.
- Leptospira: spirochetes, Leptospira interrogans (26 serogroups)
- Listeria monocytogenes: Gram positive, rod-shapped
- Other bacterial agents: Staphylococcus, enteric bacteria, group B streptococci, Mycobacterium tuberculosis…
2) Virus:
- Mumps
- Measles
- West Nile virus: a Flavivirus
- Enterovirus: including Coxsackieviruses A (2-4, 7, 9-10), Coxsackieviruses B (1-6), Echoviruses (2, 5-7, 9-11, 14, 18, 30), Enterovirus 71, Poliovirus (1-3)
- Herpes Simplex virus (types 1 and 2): family Herpesviridae
- Varicella-Zoster virus: Human (alpha) Herpesvirus 3 (varicella-zoster) from the group Herpesvirus
- Adenovirus: Adenovirus, several types (1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 7), genus Mastadenovirus, family Adenoviridae, - Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus: an Arenavirus
- Sandfly fever viruses: genus Phlebovirus, family Bunyaviridae. They include more than 60 antigenically distinct virus serotypes. Two main groups are identified: a) Sandfly fever group including the Naples serocomplex (Karimabad virus, Arabia virus, Massilia virus, Punique virus, Tehran virus, Toscana virus …) and Sicilian serocomplex; and b) Uukuniemi group
-Other virus: arboviruses…
3) Parasites: - Candida albicans, cryptococcus…
Incubation period varies with the agent
Period of transmissibility varies with the agent
Reservoir varies with the agent
Modes of transmission varies with the agent
Clinical presentation varies with the agent
Resources
Case definition MOPH circular no. 52 (2007): Meningitis
MOPH circular no. 63 (2007): Neisseria meningitidis
MOPH circular no. 54 (2007): Haemophilus influenzae b
MOPH circular no. 36 (2012): West Nile Virus
Forms - Meningitis reporting form
- Meningitis investigation form
Data - Weekly report
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ATC Name B/G Ingredients Dosage Form Price
C09DX03 OLMENOR TRIPLE G Olmesartan medoxomil - 40mg, Amlodipine (besylate) - 5mg, Hydrochlorothiazide - 25mg Tablet, film coated 1,067,011 L.L
N01AB06 ISOFLURANE HIKMA G Isoflurane - Volatil liquid 1,583,046 L.L
R05X BROMEX G Pyrilamine Maleate (Mepyramine) - 12.5mg/5ml, Bromhexine HCl - 4mg/5ml Elixir 250,851 L.L
A10BD07 JANUMET XR B Metformin HCl - 1,000mg, Sitagliptin - 100mg Tablet 4,777,360 L.L
B05BB02 SERUFLEX DEXTROSE 5% SODIUM CHLORIDE 0.45% INJECTION, USP G Sodium chloride - 0.45%, Glucose - 5% Injectable solution 193,062 L.L
C09DX03 VOCADO HCT B Olmesartan medoxomil - 40mg, Amlodipine - 5mg, Hydrochlorothiazide - 12.5mg Tablet, film coated 1,523,917 L.L
L01XY02 PHESGO BioTech Pertuzumab - 600mg, Trastuzumab - 600mg Injectable solution 326,054,156 L.L
N01AB07 SUPRANE (DESFLURANE, USP) B Desflurane - Inhalation 9,371,654 L.L
R05X COLDIN G Caffeine - 30mg, Noscapine - 10mg, Pseudoephedrine HCl - 30mg, Pyrilamine maleate (Mepyramine) - 15mg, Paracetamol - 300mg Capsule 386,515 L.L
A10BD07 SAGIMET G Metformin HCl - 850mg, Sitagliptin (HCl monohydrate) - 50mg Tablet, film coated 1,463,892 L.L
B05BB02 SERUFLEX DEXTROSE 5% SODIUM CHLORIDE 0.45% INJECTION, USP G Sodium chloride - 0.45%, Glucose - 5% Injectable solution 180,421 L.L
C09DX03 OLMENOR TRIPLE G Olmesartan medoxomil - 40mg, Amlodipine (besylate) - 5mg, Hydrochlorothiazide - 12.5mg Tablet, film coated 1,067,011 L.L
J01DI54 ZERBAXA B Ceftolozane Sulfate - 1g, Tazobactam (sodium) - 0.5g Injectable powder for concentrate for solution 74,780,802 L.L
L01XY02 PHESGO BioTech Pertuzumab - 1200mg, Trastuzumab - 600mg Injectable solution 591,417,874 L.L
N01AB08 SEVOFLURANE B Sevoflurane - Inhalation 12,327,290 L.L
R05X COLD-MED G Caffeine - 30mg, Noscapine - 10mg, Pseudoephedrine HCl - 30mg, Pyrilamine Maleate (Mepyramine) - 15mg, Paracetamol - 300mg Capsule 386,515 L.L
A10BD07 SITAMET G Metformin - 850mg, Sitagliptin - 50mg Tablet, film coated 2,301,079 L.L
B05BB02 SOLUFLEX DEXTROSE 5% SODIUM CHLORIDE 0.45% INJECTION, USP G Sodium chloride - 0.45%, Glucose - 5% Injectable solution 236,731 L.L
C09DX04 ENTRESTO B Valsartan - 26mg, Sacubitril - 24mg Tablet, film coated 6,029,821 L.L
J01EE01 PAEDIATRIC CO-TRIMOXAZOLE MIXTURE G Trimethoprim - 40mg/5ml, Sulfamethoxazole - 200mg/5ml Suspension 190,698 L.L
R05X COLDIN G Glyceryl guaiacolate - 15mg/5ml, Pseudoephedrine HCl - 15mg/5ml, Pyrilamine maleate - 6.25mg/5ml, Paracetamol - 120mg/5ml Syrup 386,515 L.L
A10BD07 SITAVITEA G Metformin - 850mg, Sitagliptin - 50mg Tablet, film coated 1,079,106 L.L
B05BB02 SOLUFLEX DEXTROSE 5% SODIUM CHLORIDE 0.45% INJECTION, USP G Sodium chloride - 0.45%, Glucose - 5% Injectable solution 211,449 L.L
C09DX04 ENTRESTO B Valsartan - 51mg, Sacubitril - 49mg Tablet, film coated 6,029,821 L.L
J01EE01 BACTRIM FORTE B Trimethoprim - 160mg, Sulfamethoxazole - 800mg Tablet 344,024 L.L
R05X COLD-MED G Glyceryl guaiacolate - 15mg/5ml, Pseudoephedrine HCl - 15mg/5ml, Pyrilamine maleate - 6.25mg/5ml, Paracetamol - 120mg/5ml Syrup 386,515 L.L
B05BB02 2.5% DEXTROSE 0.45% SODIUM CHLORIDE INJECTION G Dextrose,H2O - 2.5g/100ml, Sodium chloride - 0.45g/100ml Injectable solution 172,377 L.L
C09DX04 ENTRESTO B Valsartan - 103mg, Sacubitril - 97mg Tablet, film coated 11,674,240 L.L
J01EE01 CO-TRIMOXAZOLE G Trimethoprim - 160mg, Sulfamethoxazole - 800mg Tablet 7,529,090 L.L
R05X TRIMEDIL FORTE G O-(?-hydroxyethyl)-rutosides - 30mg, Ascorbic acid - 80mg, Dimethindene - 0.5mg, Phenylephrine HCl - 2.5mg, Paracetamol - 200mg Capsule 386,515 L.L
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