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Meningitis

Generalities
Agent There are several agents causing meningitis.
1) Main Bacteria:
- Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcus): Gram negative diplococci. Main invasive serotypes are A, B, C, W135, X, and Y.
- Haemophilus influenza: Gram negative cocco-bacilli. There are 6 serotypes from (a) to (f). The serotype (b) is responsible of invasive infection.
- Streptococcus pneumonia (pneumococcus): Gram positive diplococci. There are more than 90 serotypes.
- Leptospira: spirochetes, Leptospira interrogans (26 serogroups)
- Listeria monocytogenes: Gram positive, rod-shapped
- Other bacterial agents: Staphylococcus, enteric bacteria, group B streptococci, Mycobacterium tuberculosis…
2) Virus:
- Mumps
- Measles
- West Nile virus: a Flavivirus
- Enterovirus: including Coxsackieviruses A (2-4, 7, 9-10), Coxsackieviruses B (1-6), Echoviruses (2, 5-7, 9-11, 14, 18, 30), Enterovirus 71, Poliovirus (1-3)
- Herpes Simplex virus (types 1 and 2): family Herpesviridae
- Varicella-Zoster virus: Human (alpha) Herpesvirus 3 (varicella-zoster) from the group Herpesvirus
- Adenovirus: Adenovirus, several types (1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 7), genus Mastadenovirus, family Adenoviridae, - Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus: an Arenavirus
- Sandfly fever viruses: genus Phlebovirus, family Bunyaviridae. They include more than 60 antigenically distinct virus serotypes. Two main groups are identified: a) Sandfly fever group including the Naples serocomplex (Karimabad virus, Arabia virus, Massilia virus, Punique virus, Tehran virus, Toscana virus …) and Sicilian serocomplex; and b) Uukuniemi group
-Other virus: arboviruses…
3) Parasites: - Candida albicans, cryptococcus…
Incubation period varies with the agent
Period of transmissibility varies with the agent
Reservoir varies with the agent
Modes of transmission varies with the agent
Clinical presentation varies with the agent
Resources
Case definition MOPH circular no. 52 (2007): Meningitis
MOPH circular no. 63 (2007): Neisseria meningitidis
MOPH circular no. 54 (2007): Haemophilus influenzae b
MOPH circular no. 36 (2012): West Nile Virus
Forms - Meningitis reporting form
- Meningitis investigation form
Data - Weekly report
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ATC Name B/G Ingredients Dosage Form Price
D05AX52 DAIVOBET B Calcipotriol - 50mcg/g, Betamethasone - 0.5mg/g Gel 2,100,426 L.L
R05D DULSANA WITH CODEINE B Menthol - 0.25mg/5ml, Ammonium chloride - 100mg/5ml, Codeine phosphate - 10mg/5ml, Ephedrine HCl - 4mg/5ml, Carbinoxamine maleate - 2mg/5ml Syrup 273,888 L.L
A10BD07 JANUMET B Metformin HCl - 1000mg, Sitagliptin - 50mg Tablet 3,093,525 L.L
B05BB02 5% DEXTROSE 0.45% SODIUM CHLORIDE INJECTION G Dextrose,H2O - 5g/100ml, Sodium chloride - 0.45g/100ml Injectable solution 179,272 L.L
C09DX01 LOTEVAN PLUS G Valsartan - 160mg, Amlodipine - 5mg, Hydrochlorothiazide - 12.5mg Tablet, film coated 857,372 L.L
D05AX52 BETA-CAL G Calcipotriol (monohydrate) - 50mcg/g, Betamethasone (dipropionate) - 0.5mg/g Gel 1,251,117 L.L
V01AA DIATER B Allergen extracts - Spray 26,856,672 L.L
A10BD07 SAGIMET G Metformin HCl - 1000mg, Sitagliptin (HCl monohydrate) - 50mg Tablet, film coated 1,551,690 L.L
B05BB02 5% DEXTROSE 0.45% SODIUM CHLORIDE INJECTION G Dextrose,H2O - 5g/100ml, Sodium chloride - 0.45g/100ml Injectable solution 224,090 L.L
C09DX01 VIOSTAN AM PLUS 160/5/12.5 G Valsartan - 160mg, Amlodipine - 5mg, Hydrochlorothiazide - 12.5mg Tablet, film coated 1,196,020 L.L
R05DA20 ALGOMIEL COUGH SYRUP G Dextromethorphan HBr - 5mg, Carbinoxamine maleate - 2mg Syrup 639,925 L.L
V01AA DIATER B Allergen extracts - Spray 34,962,083 L.L
A10BD07 SITAMET G Metformin - 1000mg, Sitagliptin - 50mg Tablet, film coated 2,444,896 L.L
B05BB02 5% DEXTROSE 0.45% SODIUM CHLORIDE INJECTION G Dextrose,H2O - 5g/100ml, Sodium chloride - 0.45g/100ml Injectable solution 153,990 L.L
C09DX01 ANGIOSAR PLUS G Valsartan - 320mg, Amlodipine - 10mg, Hydrochlorothiazide - 25mg Tablet, film coated 1,689,210 L.L
V01AA DIATER B Allergen extracts - Spray 35,697,531 L.L
A10BD07 SITAVITEA G Metformin - 1000mg, Sitagliptin - 50mg Tablet, film coated 1,079,106 L.L
B05BB02 DEXTROSE 5% & SODIUM CHLORIDE 0.45% G Sodium chloride - 0.45g/100ml, Dextrose, H2O - 5g/100ml Injectable solution 205,933 L.L
C09DX01 VIOSTAN AM PLUS 320/10/25 G Valsartan - 320mg, Amlodipine - 10mg, Hydrochlorothiazide - 25mg Tablet, film coated 1,881,380 L.L
D06AX BANEOCIN B Neomycin sulfate - 5000IU/g, Bacitracin zinc - 250IU/g Ointment 173,356 L.L
V01AA DIATER B Allergen extracts - Spray 26,856,672 L.L
A10BD07 JANUMET B Metformin HCl - 500mg, Sitagliptin - 50mg Tablet 3,237,317 L.L
B05BB02 DEXTROSE 5% & SODIUM CHLORIDE 0.45% G Sodium chloride - 0.45g/100ml, Dextrose, H2O - 5g/100ml Injectable solution 182,720 L.L
C08DA51 TARKA B Verapamil - 180mg, Trandolapril - 2mg Capsule, modified release 2,422,948 L.L
C09DX03 VOCADO HCT B Olmesartan medoxomil - 40mg, Amlodipine - 10mg, Hydrochlorothiazide - 25mg Tablet, film coated 1,523,917 L.L
D06AX BATRAMYCIN B Neomycin (sulfate) - 5000IU/g, Bacitracin - 250IU/g Ointment 513,348 L.L
V01AA ACARIZAX 12 SQ-HDM ORAL LYOPHILISATE B Allergen extracts - 12 SQ-HDM Tablet, lyophilised 9,366,451 L.L
A10BD07 JANUMET B Metformin HCl - 500mg, Sitagliptin - 50mg Tablet 3,237,317 L.L
B05BB02 DEXTROSE 5% & SODIUM CHLORIDE 0.45% G Sodium chloride - 0.45g/100ml, Dextrose, H2O - 5g/100ml Injectable solution 217,210 L.L
C08DA51 TARKA B Verapamil - 240mg, Trandolapril - 4mg Tablet, modified release 3,797,532 L.L
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