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Meningitis

Generalities
Agent There are several agents causing meningitis.
1) Main Bacteria:
- Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcus): Gram negative diplococci. Main invasive serotypes are A, B, C, W135, X, and Y.
- Haemophilus influenza: Gram negative cocco-bacilli. There are 6 serotypes from (a) to (f). The serotype (b) is responsible of invasive infection.
- Streptococcus pneumonia (pneumococcus): Gram positive diplococci. There are more than 90 serotypes.
- Leptospira: spirochetes, Leptospira interrogans (26 serogroups)
- Listeria monocytogenes: Gram positive, rod-shapped
- Other bacterial agents: Staphylococcus, enteric bacteria, group B streptococci, Mycobacterium tuberculosis…
2) Virus:
- Mumps
- Measles
- West Nile virus: a Flavivirus
- Enterovirus: including Coxsackieviruses A (2-4, 7, 9-10), Coxsackieviruses B (1-6), Echoviruses (2, 5-7, 9-11, 14, 18, 30), Enterovirus 71, Poliovirus (1-3)
- Herpes Simplex virus (types 1 and 2): family Herpesviridae
- Varicella-Zoster virus: Human (alpha) Herpesvirus 3 (varicella-zoster) from the group Herpesvirus
- Adenovirus: Adenovirus, several types (1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 7), genus Mastadenovirus, family Adenoviridae, - Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus: an Arenavirus
- Sandfly fever viruses: genus Phlebovirus, family Bunyaviridae. They include more than 60 antigenically distinct virus serotypes. Two main groups are identified: a) Sandfly fever group including the Naples serocomplex (Karimabad virus, Arabia virus, Massilia virus, Punique virus, Tehran virus, Toscana virus …) and Sicilian serocomplex; and b) Uukuniemi group
-Other virus: arboviruses…
3) Parasites: - Candida albicans, cryptococcus…
Incubation period varies with the agent
Period of transmissibility varies with the agent
Reservoir varies with the agent
Modes of transmission varies with the agent
Clinical presentation varies with the agent
Resources
Case definition MOPH circular no. 52 (2007): Meningitis
MOPH circular no. 63 (2007): Neisseria meningitidis
MOPH circular no. 54 (2007): Haemophilus influenzae b
MOPH circular no. 36 (2012): West Nile Virus
Forms - Meningitis reporting form
- Meningitis investigation form
Data - Weekly report
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ATC Name B/G Ingredients Dosage Form Price
C09DX01 EXFORGE HCT B Valsartan - 160mg, Amlodipine - 10mg, Hydrochlorothiazide - 12.5mg Tablet, film coated 1,417,754 L.L
A10BD02 GLIBOMET B Metformin HCl - 400mg, Glibenclamide - 5mg Tablet, film coated 462,282 L.L
B05BB02 MIXTE SIMPLE (2) G Sodium chloride - 0.9g/100ml, Dextrose, H2O - 5g/100ml Injectable solution 182,720 L.L
C09DX01 LOTEVAN PLUS G Valsartan - 160mg, Amlodipine - 10mg, Hydrochlorothiazide - 12.5mg Tablet, film coated 911,125 L.L
D04AX CALAMINE PLUS B Diphenhydramine HCl - 0.25/100ml, Tetracaine HCl - 0.025/100ml, Zinc oxide - 8g/100ml, Calamine - 8g/100ml Lotion 177,899 L.L
S03AA30 SULFACHLOR G Sulfacetamide sodium - 110mg/ml, Chloramphenicol - 5mg/ml Drops solution 202,216 L.L
A10BD02 ORBIZIDE M FORTE G Metformin HCl - 500mg, Gliclazide - 80mg Tablet 771,750 L.L
B05BB02 MIXTE SIMPLE (2) G Sodium chloride - 0.9g/100ml, Dextrose, H2O - 5g/100ml Injectable solution 207,894 L.L
C09DX01 VIOSTAN AM PLUS 160/10/12.5 G Valsartan - 160mg, Amlodipine - 10mg, Hydrochlorothiazide - 12.5mg Tablet, film coated 1,196,020 L.L
S03CA04 MYCICORT G Hydrocortisone acetate - 5mg, Neomycin sulfate - 5mg Drops suspension 166,381 L.L
A10BD05 ACTOSMET B Metformin - 850mg, Pioglitazone - 15mg Tablet, film coated 3,101,588 L.L
B05BB02 SERUFLEX DEXTROSE 5% SODIUM CHLORIDE 0.9% INJECTION, USP G Sodium chloride - 0.9%, Glucose - 5% Injectable solution 194,211 L.L
C09DX01 EXFORGE HCT B Valsartan - 160mg, Amlodipine - 10mg, Hydrochlorothiazide - 25mg Tablet, film coated 1,417,754 L.L
L04AX07 MAROVAREX G Dimethyl Fumarate - 240mg Capsule, hard, gastro-resistant 60,848,734 L.L
R05CB10 DILAMUC G Dried Ivy leaf extract - 170mg/100ml, Glycyrrhizic acid (Glycyrrhiza Glabra, Liquorice root) - 164mg/100ml, Thyme - 760mg/100ml Syrup 456,906 L.L
V01AA STALORAL B Allergen extracts - 2 x 100IR ou IC/ml Solution 8,449,319 L.L
A10BD06 DUETACT B Glimepiride - 2mg, Pioglitazone - 30mg Tablet 2,803,255 L.L
B05BB02 SERUFLEX DEXTROSE 5% SODIUM CHLORIDE 0.9% INJECTION, USP G Sodium chloride - 0.9%, Glucose - 5% Injectable solution 180,421 L.L
C09DX01 VIOSTAN AM PLUS 160/10/25 G Valsartan - 160mg, Amlodipine - 10mg, Hydrochlorothiazide - 25mg Tablet, film coated 1,196,020 L.L
V01AA STALORAL B Allergen extracts - 300 IR ou IC/ml Solution 6,598,267 L.L
A10BD06 DUETACT B Glimepiride - 4mg, Pioglitazone - 30mg Tablet 3,287,039 L.L
B05BB02 SOLUFLEX DEXTROSE 5% SODIUM CHLORIDE 0.9% INJECTION, USP G Sodium chloride - 0.9%, Glucose - 5% Injectable solution 222,941 L.L
C09DX01 EXFORGE HCT B Valsartan - 160mg, Amlodipine - 5mg, Hydrochlorothiazide - 12.5mg Tablet, film coated 1,333,092 L.L
D05AX52 BETA-CAL G Calcipotriol (monohydrate) - 50mcg/g, Betamethasone (dipropionate) - 0.5mg/g Ointment 1,574,983 L.L
R05D 123 COLD AND FLU B Phenylephrine HCl - 5mg, Carbinoxamine HCl - 3mg, Caffeine anhydrous - 30mg, Codeine phosphate - 8mg, Acetaminophen - 325mg Tablet 409,552 L.L
A10BD07 JANUMET B Metformin HCl - 1000mg, Sitagliptin - 50mg Tablet 3,093,525 L.L
B05BB02 SOLUFLEX DEXTROSE 5% SODIUM CHLORIDE 0.9% INJECTION, USP G Sodium chloride - 0.9%, Glucose - 5% Injectable solution 158,587 L.L
C09DX01 ARBITEN AM PLUS G Valsartan - 160mg, Amlodipine - 5mg, Hydrochlorothiazide - 12.5mg Tablet 857,372 L.L
D05AX52 DAIVOBET B Calcipotriol - 50mcg/g, Betamethasone - 0.5mg/g Gel 2,100,426 L.L
R05D DULSANA WITH CODEINE B Menthol - 0.25mg/5ml, Ammonium chloride - 100mg/5ml, Codeine phosphate - 10mg/5ml, Ephedrine HCl - 4mg/5ml, Carbinoxamine maleate - 2mg/5ml Syrup 273,888 L.L
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