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Meningitis

Generalities
Agent There are several agents causing meningitis.
1) Main Bacteria:
- Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcus): Gram negative diplococci. Main invasive serotypes are A, B, C, W135, X, and Y.
- Haemophilus influenza: Gram negative cocco-bacilli. There are 6 serotypes from (a) to (f). The serotype (b) is responsible of invasive infection.
- Streptococcus pneumonia (pneumococcus): Gram positive diplococci. There are more than 90 serotypes.
- Leptospira: spirochetes, Leptospira interrogans (26 serogroups)
- Listeria monocytogenes: Gram positive, rod-shapped
- Other bacterial agents: Staphylococcus, enteric bacteria, group B streptococci, Mycobacterium tuberculosis…
2) Virus:
- Mumps
- Measles
- West Nile virus: a Flavivirus
- Enterovirus: including Coxsackieviruses A (2-4, 7, 9-10), Coxsackieviruses B (1-6), Echoviruses (2, 5-7, 9-11, 14, 18, 30), Enterovirus 71, Poliovirus (1-3)
- Herpes Simplex virus (types 1 and 2): family Herpesviridae
- Varicella-Zoster virus: Human (alpha) Herpesvirus 3 (varicella-zoster) from the group Herpesvirus
- Adenovirus: Adenovirus, several types (1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 7), genus Mastadenovirus, family Adenoviridae, - Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus: an Arenavirus
- Sandfly fever viruses: genus Phlebovirus, family Bunyaviridae. They include more than 60 antigenically distinct virus serotypes. Two main groups are identified: a) Sandfly fever group including the Naples serocomplex (Karimabad virus, Arabia virus, Massilia virus, Punique virus, Tehran virus, Toscana virus …) and Sicilian serocomplex; and b) Uukuniemi group
-Other virus: arboviruses…
3) Parasites: - Candida albicans, cryptococcus…
Incubation period varies with the agent
Period of transmissibility varies with the agent
Reservoir varies with the agent
Modes of transmission varies with the agent
Clinical presentation varies with the agent
Resources
Case definition MOPH circular no. 52 (2007): Meningitis
MOPH circular no. 63 (2007): Neisseria meningitidis
MOPH circular no. 54 (2007): Haemophilus influenzae b
MOPH circular no. 36 (2012): West Nile Virus
Forms - Meningitis reporting form
- Meningitis investigation form
Data - Weekly report
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ATC Name B/G Ingredients Dosage Form Price
B05BB01 LACTATED RINGER'S G Sodium lactate - 0.31g/100ml, Calcium chloride, 2H2O - 0.02g/100ml, Potassium chloride - 0.02g/100ml, Sodium chloride - 0.598g/100ml Injectable solution 239,275 L.L
C07BB12 NEBILET PLUS B Nebivolol HCl - 5mg, Hydrochlorothiazide - 25mg Tablet, film coated 716,268 L.L
C09DB01 ARBITEN AM 10/160 G Amlodipine - 10mg, Valsartan - 160mg Caplet, film coated 857,372 L.L
R05C SULDEX G Caffein anyhdrous - 0.216g, Antipyrine - 0.972g, Potassium sulfaguaiacolate - 1.44g Syrup 152,302 L.L
B05BB01 LACTATED RINGER'S INJECTION USP G Sodium lactate - 0.31g/100ml, Calcium chloride, 2H2O - 0.02g/100ml, Potassium chloride - 0.03g/100ml, Sodium chloride - 0.6g/100ml Injectable solution 197,659 L.L
C07DA06 MODUCREN B Amiloride HCl - 2.5mg, Timolol (maleate) - 10mg, Hydrochlorothiazide - 25mg Tablet 915,093 L.L
C09DB01 LOTEVAN G Amlodipine - 10mg, Valsartan - 160mg Tablet, film coated 857,372 L.L
R05CA ASPECTON COUGH SYRUP G Thyme soft extract - 6.69g/100ml Syrup 588,603 L.L
B05BB01 LACTATED RINGER'S INJECTION USP G Sodium lactate - 0.31g/100ml, Calcium chloride, 2H2O - 0.02g/100ml, Potassium chloride - 0.03g/100ml, Sodium chloride - 0.6g/100ml Injectable solution 209,151 L.L
C07FB07 CONCOR AM 2.5 B Bisoprolol fumarate - 2.5mg, Amlodipine besylate - 5mg Tablet, film coated 1,324,559 L.L
C09DB01 POVAM G Amlodipine (besylate) - 10mg, Valsartan - 160mg Tablet, film coated 857,372 L.L
B05BB01 LACTATED RINGER'S INJECTION, USP G Sodium lactate - 3.1g/l, Calcium chloride, 2H2O - 0.2g/l, Potassium chloride - 0.3g/l, Sodium chloride - 6g/l Injectable solution 216,046 L.L
C07FB07 CONCOR AM 5 B Bisoprolol fumarate - 5mg, Amlodipine besylate - 5mg Tablet, film coated 1,324,559 L.L
C09DB01 VIOSTAN AM 160/10 G Amlodipine besylate - 10mg, Valsartan - 160mg Tablet, film coated 1,177,206 L.L
B05BB01 LR G Sodium lactate - 0.31g/100ml, Calcium chloride, 2H2O - 0.02g/100ml, Potassium chloride - 0.03g/100ml, Sodium chloride - 0.598g/100ml Injectable solution 218,681 L.L
C09DB01 AMLODIPINE/VALSARTAN ARROW G Amlodipine (besylate) - 5mg, Valsartan - 80mg Tablet, coated 807,649 L.L
B05BB01 SERUFLEX LACTATED RINGER'S INJECTION, USP G Sodium lactate - 3.1g/l, Calcium chloride, 2H2O - 0.2g/l, Potassium chloride - 0.3g/l, Sodium chloride - 6g/l Injectable solution 216,046 L.L
C09DB02 SEVIKAR B Olmesartan medoxomil - 20mg, Amlodipine - 5mg Tablet, film coated 1,019,976 L.L
G03AA09 MARVELON B Ethinylestradiol - 0.03mg, Desogestrel - 0.15mg Tablet 319,835 L.L
R05CA12 PROSPAN ACUTE EFFERVESCENT COUGH TABLETS B Dried Ivy leaf extract - 65mg Tablet, effervescent 479,752 L.L
B05BB01 LACTATED RINGER'S G Sodium lactate - 0.31g/100ml, Calcium chloride, 2H2O - 0.02g/100ml, Potassium chloride - 0.03g/100ml, Sodium chloride - 0.598g/100ml Injectable solution 234,862 L.L
C09DB02 VOCADO B Olmesartan medoxomil - 20mg, Amlodipine besylate - 5mg Tablet, film coated 971,598 L.L
G03AA12 YASMIN B Drospirenone - 3mg, Ethinylestradiol - 30mcg Tablet, film coated 616,824 L.L
B05BB01 LACTATED RINGER'S G Sodium lactate - 0.31g/100ml, Calcium chloride, 2H2O - 0.02g/100ml, Potassium chloride - 0.03g/100ml, Sodium chloride - 0.598g/100ml Injectable solution 268,908 L.L
C09DB02 OLMENOR COMBI G Olmesartan medoxomil - 20mg, Amlodipine - 5mg Tablet, film coated 679,984 L.L
G03AA12 NAJAT G Drospirenone - 3mg, Ethinylestradiol - 0.03mg Tablet, coated 417,935 L.L
B05BB01 LACTATED RINGER'S INJECTION, USP G Sodium lactate - 3.1g/l, Calcium chloride, 2H2O - 0.2g/l, Potassium chloride - 0.3g/l, Sodium chloride - 6g/l Injectable solution 232,134 L.L
C09DB02 SEVIKAR B Olmesartan medoxomil - 40mg, Amlodipine - 5mg Tablet, film coated 1,158,392 L.L
G03AA12 YAZ B Drospirenone - 3mg, Ethinylestradiol - 20mcg Tablet, film coated 1,193,332 L.L
B05BB01 LR G Sodium lactate - 0.3g/100ml, Calcium chloride, 2H2O - 0.02g/100ml, Potassium chloride - 0.03g/100ml, Sodium chloride - 0.598g/100ml Injectable solution 234,862 L.L
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