Meningitis

Generalities
Agent	There are several agents causing meningitis. 1) Main Bacteria: - Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcus): Gram negative diplococci. Main invasive serotypes are A, B, C, W135, X, and Y. - Haemophilus influenza: Gram negative cocco-bacilli. There are 6 serotypes from (a) to (f). The serotype (b) is responsible of invasive infection. - Streptococcus pneumonia (pneumococcus): Gram positive diplococci. There are more than 90 serotypes. - Leptospira: spirochetes, Leptospira interrogans (26 serogroups) - Listeria monocytogenes: Gram positive, rod-shapped - Other bacterial agents: Staphylococcus, enteric bacteria, group B streptococci, Mycobacterium tuberculosis… 2) Virus: - Mumps - Measles - West Nile virus: a Flavivirus - Enterovirus: including Coxsackieviruses A (2-4, 7, 9-10), Coxsackieviruses B (1-6), Echoviruses (2, 5-7, 9-11, 14, 18, 30), Enterovirus 71, Poliovirus (1-3) - Herpes Simplex virus (types 1 and 2): family Herpesviridae - Varicella-Zoster virus: Human (alpha) Herpesvirus 3 (varicella-zoster) from the group Herpesvirus - Adenovirus: Adenovirus, several types (1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 7), genus Mastadenovirus, family Adenoviridae, - Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus: an Arenavirus - Sandfly fever viruses: genus Phlebovirus, family Bunyaviridae. They include more than 60 antigenically distinct virus serotypes. Two main groups are identified: a) Sandfly fever group including the Naples serocomplex (Karimabad virus, Arabia virus, Massilia virus, Punique virus, Tehran virus, Toscana virus …) and Sicilian serocomplex; and b) Uukuniemi group -Other virus: arboviruses… 3) Parasites: - Candida albicans, cryptococcus…
Incubation period	varies with the agent
Period of transmissibility	varies with the agent
Reservoir	varies with the agent
Modes of transmission	varies with the agent
Clinical presentation	varies with the agent
Resources
Case definition	- MOPH circular no. 52 (2007): Meningitis - MOPH circular no. 63 (2007): Neisseria meningitidis - MOPH circular no. 54 (2007): Haemophilus influenzae b - MOPH circular no. 36 (2012): West Nile Virus
Forms	- Meningitis reporting form - Meningitis investigation form
Data	- Weekly report

ATC	Name	B/G	Ingredients	Form	Price
R05X	BROMEX	G	Pyrilamine Maleate (Mepyramine) - 12.5mg/5ml, Bromhexine HCl - 4mg/5ml	Elixir	250,851 L.L
B05BB01	SOLUFLEX LACTATED RINGER'S INJECTION, USP	G	Sodium lactate - 3.1g/l, Calcium chloride, 2H2O - 0.2g/l, Potassium chloride - 0.3g/l, Sodium chloride - 6g/l	Injectable solution	264,311 L.L
B05ZA	CONCENTRATE SOLUTION FOR HEMODIALYSIS TYPE SG	G	Potassium chloride - 3.92g/l, Magnesium chloride, 6H2O - 5.32g/l, Calcium chloride, 2H2O - 8.99g/l, Sodium acetate, 3H2O - 166.7g/l, Sodium chloride - 214.76g/l	Injectable solution	L.L
C09DB06	LOSANET AM	G	Losartan potassium - 100mg, Amlodipine - 10mg	Tablet	1,044,358 L.L
R05X	COLDIN	G	Caffeine - 30mg, Noscapine - 10mg, Pseudoephedrine HCl - 30mg, Pyrilamine maleate (Mepyramine) - 15mg, Paracetamol - 300mg	Capsule	386,515 L.L
B05BB01	RINGER'S INJECTION USP	G	Calcium chloride, 2H2O - 0.033%, Potassium chloride - 0.03%, Sodium chloride - 0.86%	Injectable solution	129,934 L.L
B05ZA	CONCENTRATE SOLUTION FOR HEMODIALYSIS L	G	Potassium chloride - K+:1.5 mmol/l, Magnesium chloride - Mg++:0.75 mmol/l, Calcium chloride - Ca++:1.75 mmol/l, Sodium acetate - Cl-:106.5 mmol/l, Sodium chloride - Na+:135 mmol/l	Injectable solution	L.L
C09DB06	LOSANET AM	G	Losartan potassium - 100mg, Amlodipine - 5mg	Tablet	1,044,358 L.L
D04AA32	DERMAMINE ITCH STOPPING	G	Diphenhydramine HCl - 1%, Zinc acetete - 0.1%	Cream	560,382 L.L
R05X	COLD-MED	G	Caffeine - 30mg, Noscapine - 10mg, Pseudoephedrine HCl - 30mg, Pyrilamine Maleate (Mepyramine) - 15mg, Paracetamol - 300mg	Capsule	386,515 L.L
B05BB01	RINGER'S INJECTION USP	G	Calcium chloride, 2H2O - 0.033%, Potassium chloride - 0.03%, Sodium chloride - 0.86%	Injectable solution	205,933 L.L
B05ZA	CONCENTRATE SOLUTION FOR HEMODIALYSIS LM	G	Potassium chloride - K+:2.00 mmol/l, Magnesium chloride - Mg++:0.75 mmol/l, Calcium chloride - Ca++:1.75 mmol/l, Sodium acetate - Cl-:112 mmol/l, Sodium chloride - Na+:140 mmol/l	Injectable solution	L.L
C09DB07	CANDAM	G	Candesartan cilexetil - 8mg, Amlodipine - 5mg	Capsule, hard	1,376,095 L.L
N01AB06	ISOFLURANE HIKMA	G	Isoflurane -	Volatil liquid	1,583,046 L.L
R05X	COLDIN	G	Glyceryl guaiacolate - 15mg/5ml, Pseudoephedrine HCl - 15mg/5ml, Pyrilamine maleate - 6.25mg/5ml, Paracetamol - 120mg/5ml	Syrup	386,515 L.L
B05BB01	RINGER'S INJECTION USP	G	Calcium chloride, 2H2O - 0.033%, Potassium chloride - 0.03%, Sodium chloride - 0.86%	Injectable solution	224,565 L.L
B05ZA	CONCENTRATE SOLUTION FOR HEMODIALYSIS LS	G	Potassium chloride - K+:1.5 mmol/l, Magnesium chloride - Mg++:0.75 mmol/l, Calcium chloride - Ca++:1.75 mmol/l, Sodium acetate - Cl-:111.5 mmol/l, Sodium chloride - Na+:140 mmol/l	Injectable solution	L.L
C09DB07	CORONOPINE	G	Candesartan cilexetil - 8mg, Amlodipine - 5mg	Capsule, hard	1,368,032 L.L
N01AB07	SUPRANE (DESFLURANE, USP)	B	Desflurane -	Inhalation	9,371,654 L.L
R05X	COLD-MED	G	Glyceryl guaiacolate - 15mg/5ml, Pseudoephedrine HCl - 15mg/5ml, Pyrilamine maleate - 6.25mg/5ml, Paracetamol - 120mg/5ml	Syrup	386,515 L.L
B05BB01	RINGER'S INJECTION, USP	G	Calcium chloride, 2H2O - 0.33g/l, Potassium chloride - 0.3g/l, Sodium chloride - 8.6g/l	Injectable solution	204,554 L.L
B05ZA	CONCENTRATE SOLUTION FOR HEMODIALYSIS LS2	G	Potassium chloride - K+:1.5 mmol/l, Magnesium chloride - Mg++:0.75 mmol/l, Calcium chloride - Ca++:1.5 mmol/l, Sodium acetate - Cl-:111 mmol/l, Sodium chloride - Na+:140 mmol/l	Injectable solution	L.L
C09DB07	CANDAM	G	Candesartan cilexetil - 16mg, Amlodipine - 5mg	Capsule, hard	1,376,095 L.L
N01AB08	SEVOFLURANE	B	Sevoflurane -	Inhalation	12,327,290 L.L
R05X	TRIMEDIL FORTE	G	O-(?-hydroxyethyl)-rutosides - 30mg, Ascorbic acid - 80mg, Dimethindene - 0.5mg, Phenylephrine HCl - 2.5mg, Paracetamol - 200mg	Capsule	386,515 L.L
B05BB01	RINGER'S INJECTION, USP	G	Calcium chloride, 2H2O - 0.33g/l, Potassium chloride - 0.3g/l, Sodium chloride - 8.6g/l	Injectable solution	154,450 L.L
B05ZA	CONCENTRATE SOLUTION FOR HEMODIALYSIS LS3	G	Potassium chloride - K+:2.00 mmol/l, Magnesium chloride - Mg++:0.75 mmol/l, Calcium chloride - Ca++:1.60 mmol/l, Sodium acetate - Cl-:112 mmol/l, Sodium chloride - Na+:140 mmol/l	Injectable solution	L.L
C09DB07	CORONOPINE	G	Candesartan cilexetil - 16mg, Amlodipine - 5mg	Capsule, hard	1,638,144 L.L
R05X	CODOPALM EXPECTORANT	G	Ipeca Tincture - 3mg, Promethazine HCl - 100mg, Potassium guaiacosulfonate - 0.9g	Syrup	153,582 L.L
B05BB01	R-SOL	G	Calcium chloride, 2H2O - 0.033%, Potassium chloride - 0.03%, Sodium chloride - 0.86%	Injectable solution	205,933 L.L