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Meningitis

Generalities
Agent There are several agents causing meningitis.
1) Main Bacteria:
- Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcus): Gram negative diplococci. Main invasive serotypes are A, B, C, W135, X, and Y.
- Haemophilus influenza: Gram negative cocco-bacilli. There are 6 serotypes from (a) to (f). The serotype (b) is responsible of invasive infection.
- Streptococcus pneumonia (pneumococcus): Gram positive diplococci. There are more than 90 serotypes.
- Leptospira: spirochetes, Leptospira interrogans (26 serogroups)
- Listeria monocytogenes: Gram positive, rod-shapped
- Other bacterial agents: Staphylococcus, enteric bacteria, group B streptococci, Mycobacterium tuberculosis…
2) Virus:
- Mumps
- Measles
- West Nile virus: a Flavivirus
- Enterovirus: including Coxsackieviruses A (2-4, 7, 9-10), Coxsackieviruses B (1-6), Echoviruses (2, 5-7, 9-11, 14, 18, 30), Enterovirus 71, Poliovirus (1-3)
- Herpes Simplex virus (types 1 and 2): family Herpesviridae
- Varicella-Zoster virus: Human (alpha) Herpesvirus 3 (varicella-zoster) from the group Herpesvirus
- Adenovirus: Adenovirus, several types (1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 7), genus Mastadenovirus, family Adenoviridae, - Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus: an Arenavirus
- Sandfly fever viruses: genus Phlebovirus, family Bunyaviridae. They include more than 60 antigenically distinct virus serotypes. Two main groups are identified: a) Sandfly fever group including the Naples serocomplex (Karimabad virus, Arabia virus, Massilia virus, Punique virus, Tehran virus, Toscana virus …) and Sicilian serocomplex; and b) Uukuniemi group
-Other virus: arboviruses…
3) Parasites: - Candida albicans, cryptococcus…
Incubation period varies with the agent
Period of transmissibility varies with the agent
Reservoir varies with the agent
Modes of transmission varies with the agent
Clinical presentation varies with the agent
Resources
Case definition MOPH circular no. 52 (2007): Meningitis
MOPH circular no. 63 (2007): Neisseria meningitidis
MOPH circular no. 54 (2007): Haemophilus influenzae b
MOPH circular no. 36 (2012): West Nile Virus
Forms - Meningitis reporting form
- Meningitis investigation form
Data - Weekly report
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ATC Name B/G Ingredients Dosage Form Price
N07BC01 BUVIDAL B Buprenorphine - 32mg 32mg Injectable solution prolonged release 8,524,771 L.L
S01XA18 RESTASIS B Ciclosporin - 0.5mg/ml 0.05% Emulsion 4,100,063 L.L
A02BX13 GAVISCON DOUBLE ACTION B Sodium alginate - 500mg, Sodium bicarbonate - 213mg, Calcium (carbonate) - 325mg Suspension 517,379 L.L
A11JC CYSTINE B6 BAILLEUL B Pyridoxine HCl - 50mg, L-Cystine - 500mg Tablet, coated 862,747 L.L
C10BX06 TRINOMIA B Acetylsalicylic acid - 100mg, Atorvastatin - 20mg, Ramipril - 2.5mg Capsule, hard 1,029,383 L.L
G01AX ENTEROGERMINA B Bacillus clausii spores - 2 Billions/5ml Suspension 595,322 L.L
L01BC59 LONSURF B Trifluridine - 20mg, Tipiracil - 8.19mg Tablet, film coated 75,019,126 L.L
N07BC01 BUVIDAL B Buprenorphine - 64mg 64mg Injectable solution prolonged release 34,835,645 L.L
S01XA18 RESTASIS B Ciclosporin - 0.5mg/ml 0.05% Emulsion 4,100,063 L.L
A03A SPASMOBROM B Pipethanate Ethobromide - 20mg 20mg Tablet, coated 705,517 L.L
C10BX06 TRINOMIA B Acetylsalicylic acid - 100mg, Atorvastatin - 20mg, Ramipril - 5mg Capsule, hard 1,236,335 L.L
G01AX ENTEROGERMINA B Bacillus clausii spores - 2 Billions Capsule 831,839 L.L
L01BC59 LONSURF B Trifluridine - 15mg, Tipiracil - 6.14mg Tablet, film coated 58,102,683 L.L
N07BC01 BUVIDAL B Buprenorphine - 96mg 96mg Injectable solution prolonged release 34,835,645 L.L
A03AA04 DUSPATALIN RETARD B Mebeverine HCl - 200mg 200mg Capsule 861,466 L.L
C09DA06 ATACAND PLUS B Candesartan cilexetil - 16mg, Hydrochlorothiazide - 12.5mg Tablet 705,517 L.L
C10BX06 TRINOMIA B Acetylsalicylic acid - 100mg, Atorvastatin - 20mg, Ramipril - 10mg Capsule, hard 1,596,485 L.L
G01AX ENTEROGERMINA B Bacillus clausii spores - 6 Billions/2g 6 billions/2g Powder for suspension 1,493,009 L.L
J02AC03 VFEND B Voriconazole - 200mg 200mg Tablet, film coated 51,904,550 L.L
M04AA03 ADENURIC B Febuxostat - 80mg 80mg Tablet, film-scored 2,127,111 L.L
N03AF01 TEGRETOL B Carbamazepine - 2% 2% Suspension 456,906 L.L
N07BC01 BUVIDAL B Buprenorphine - 128mg 128mg Injectable solution prolonged release 34,835,645 L.L
C09DA06 BLOPRESS PLUS 16MG B Candesartan cilexetil - 16mg, Hydrochlorothiazide - 12.5mg Tablet 1,257,837 L.L
D01AC01 CANESTEN B Clotrimazole - 0.01g/ml 0.01g/ml Solution 368,213 L.L
G01AX ENTEROGERMINA B Bacillus clausii spores - 6 Billions/2g 6 billions/2g Powder for suspension 1,343,843 L.L
N03AF04 ZEBINIX B Eslicarbazepine acetate - 800mg 800mg Tablet 11,123,961 L.L
S01XA20 TEARS NATURALE B Duasorb - 0.4% 0.4% Drops solution 189,482 L.L
D01AC01 CANESTEN B Clotrimazole - 0.01g/g 0.01g/g Cream 344,024 L.L
L01CA04 NAVELBINE B Vinorelbine (ditartrate) - 20mg 20mg Capsule, soft gelatin 4,048,997 L.L
N03AG01 DEPAKINE B Sodium Valproate - 200mg/3.47ml 200mg/3.47ml Syrup 442,124 L.L
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