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Meningitis

Generalities
Agent There are several agents causing meningitis.
1) Main Bacteria:
- Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcus): Gram negative diplococci. Main invasive serotypes are A, B, C, W135, X, and Y.
- Haemophilus influenza: Gram negative cocco-bacilli. There are 6 serotypes from (a) to (f). The serotype (b) is responsible of invasive infection.
- Streptococcus pneumonia (pneumococcus): Gram positive diplococci. There are more than 90 serotypes.
- Leptospira: spirochetes, Leptospira interrogans (26 serogroups)
- Listeria monocytogenes: Gram positive, rod-shapped
- Other bacterial agents: Staphylococcus, enteric bacteria, group B streptococci, Mycobacterium tuberculosis…
2) Virus:
- Mumps
- Measles
- West Nile virus: a Flavivirus
- Enterovirus: including Coxsackieviruses A (2-4, 7, 9-10), Coxsackieviruses B (1-6), Echoviruses (2, 5-7, 9-11, 14, 18, 30), Enterovirus 71, Poliovirus (1-3)
- Herpes Simplex virus (types 1 and 2): family Herpesviridae
- Varicella-Zoster virus: Human (alpha) Herpesvirus 3 (varicella-zoster) from the group Herpesvirus
- Adenovirus: Adenovirus, several types (1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 7), genus Mastadenovirus, family Adenoviridae, - Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus: an Arenavirus
- Sandfly fever viruses: genus Phlebovirus, family Bunyaviridae. They include more than 60 antigenically distinct virus serotypes. Two main groups are identified: a) Sandfly fever group including the Naples serocomplex (Karimabad virus, Arabia virus, Massilia virus, Punique virus, Tehran virus, Toscana virus …) and Sicilian serocomplex; and b) Uukuniemi group
-Other virus: arboviruses…
3) Parasites: - Candida albicans, cryptococcus…
Incubation period varies with the agent
Period of transmissibility varies with the agent
Reservoir varies with the agent
Modes of transmission varies with the agent
Clinical presentation varies with the agent
Resources
Case definition - MOPH circular no. 52 (2007): Meningitis
- MOPH circular no. 63 (2007): Neisseria meningitidis
- MOPH circular no. 54 (2007): Haemophilus influenzae b
- MOPH circular no. 36 (2012): West Nile Virus
Forms - Meningitis reporting form
- Meningitis investigation form
Data - Weekly report
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ATC Name B/G Ingredients Dosage Form Price
B05XA03 SODIUM CHLORIDE 0.45% INJECTION, USP G Sodium chloride - 0.45% 0.45% Injectable solution 161,314 L.L
B05XA03 SODIUM CHLORIDE 0.45% INJECTION, USP G Sodium chloride - 0.45% 0.45% Injectable solution 149,393 L.L
B05XA03 SODIUM CHLORIDE 0.45% INJECTION, USP G Sodium chloride - 0.45% 0.45% Injectable solution 148,566 L.L
B05XA03 SODIUM CHLORIDE 0.9% INJECTION USP G Sodium chloride - 0.9% 0.9% Injectable solution 156,288 L.L
B05XA03 SODIUM CHLORIDE 0.9% INJECTION USP G Sodium chloride - 0.9% 0.9% Injectable solution 165,482 L.L
B05XA03 SODIUM CHLORIDE 0.9% INJECTION, USP G Sodium chloride - 0.9% 0.9% Injectable solution 176,974 L.L
B05XA03 SODIUM CHLORIDE 0.9% INJECTION, USP G Sodium chloride - 0.9% 0.9% Injectable solution 163,184 L.L
B05XA03 SODIUM CHLORIDE 0.9% INJECTION, USP G Sodium chloride - 0.9% 0.9% Injectable solution 156,288 L.L
B05XA03 SODIUM CHLORIDE INJECTION/ DEMO G Sodium chloride - 0.9% w/v 0.9% w/v Injectable solution 1,182,581 L.L
B05XA03 SODIUM CHLORIDE INJECTION/ DEMO G Sodium chloride - 0.9% w/v 0.9% w/v Injectable solution 1,419,098 L.L
B05XA03 SODIUM CHLORIDE INJECTION/ DEMO G Sodium chloride - 0.9% w/v 0.9% w/v Injectable solution 567,102 L.L
A06AD61 SOFLAX G Lactose - less than 6g/100ml, Galactose - less than 11g/100ml, Lactulose - 67g/100ml Solution 258,018 L.L
N05AL05 SOLIAN B Amisulpride - 100mg 100mg Tablet, scored 1,048,197 L.L
N05AL05 SOLIAN B Amisulpride - 400mg 400mg Tablet, film-scored 1,764,465 L.L
G04BD08 SOLIFAS G Solifenacin succinate - 5mg 5mg Tablet, film coated 971,598 L.L
G04BD08 SOLIFAS G Solifenacin succinate - 10mg 10mg Tablet, film coated 971,598 L.L
G04BD08 SOLIFENACINE ARROW G Solifenacin succinate - 5mg 5mg Tablet 952,784 L.L
G04BD08 SOLIFENACINE ARROW G Solifenacin succinate - 10mg 10mg Tablet 952,784 L.L
M01AE03 SOLKET G Ketoprofen Lysine salt - 80mg 80mg Powder for solution 636,981 L.L
M01AE03 SOLKET INFLAMMATION AND PAIN G Ketoprofen Lysine salt - 0.16% 0.16% Spray 946,065 L.L
N06AB06 SOLOTIK G Sertraline HCl - 50mg 50mg Tablet, film coated 357,462 L.L
N06AB06 SOLOTIK G Sertraline HCl - 100mg 100mg Tablet, film coated 616,824 L.L
N02BE51 SOLPADEINE B Paracetamol - 500mg, Caffeine - 30mg, Codeine - 8mg Tablet 319,835 L.L
N02BE51 SOLPADEINE SOLUBLE B Paracetamol - 500mg, Caffeine - 30mg, Codeine - 8mg Tablet, effervescent 272,800 L.L
N02BE51 SOLPEX G Paracetamol - 500mg, Caffeine - 30mg, Codeine - 8mg Tablet 243,172 L.L
H02AB09 SOLU CORTEF ACT-O-VIAL B Hydrocortisone (sodium succinate) - 250mg 250mg Injectable lyophilised powder for solution+diluent 421,967 L.L
H02AB04 SOLU MEDROL B Methylprednisolone sodium succinate - 500mg 500mg Injectable powder for solution 718,956 L.L
H02AB04 SOLU MEDROL B Methylprednisolone sodium succinate - 1g 1g Injectable powder for solution 1,444,631 L.L
H02AB04 SOLU MEDROL Act-O-Vial B Methylprednisolone sodium succinate - 40mg 40mg Injectable powder for solution+diluent 313,115 L.L
B05CX01 SOLUFLEX DEXTROSE 5% INJECTION USP G Glucose - 5% 5% Injectable solution 186,167 L.L
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