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Meningitis

Generalities
Agent There are several agents causing meningitis.
1) Main Bacteria:
- Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcus): Gram negative diplococci. Main invasive serotypes are A, B, C, W135, X, and Y.
- Haemophilus influenza: Gram negative cocco-bacilli. There are 6 serotypes from (a) to (f). The serotype (b) is responsible of invasive infection.
- Streptococcus pneumonia (pneumococcus): Gram positive diplococci. There are more than 90 serotypes.
- Leptospira: spirochetes, Leptospira interrogans (26 serogroups)
- Listeria monocytogenes: Gram positive, rod-shapped
- Other bacterial agents: Staphylococcus, enteric bacteria, group B streptococci, Mycobacterium tuberculosis…
2) Virus:
- Mumps
- Measles
- West Nile virus: a Flavivirus
- Enterovirus: including Coxsackieviruses A (2-4, 7, 9-10), Coxsackieviruses B (1-6), Echoviruses (2, 5-7, 9-11, 14, 18, 30), Enterovirus 71, Poliovirus (1-3)
- Herpes Simplex virus (types 1 and 2): family Herpesviridae
- Varicella-Zoster virus: Human (alpha) Herpesvirus 3 (varicella-zoster) from the group Herpesvirus
- Adenovirus: Adenovirus, several types (1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 7), genus Mastadenovirus, family Adenoviridae, - Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus: an Arenavirus
- Sandfly fever viruses: genus Phlebovirus, family Bunyaviridae. They include more than 60 antigenically distinct virus serotypes. Two main groups are identified: a) Sandfly fever group including the Naples serocomplex (Karimabad virus, Arabia virus, Massilia virus, Punique virus, Tehran virus, Toscana virus …) and Sicilian serocomplex; and b) Uukuniemi group
-Other virus: arboviruses…
3) Parasites: - Candida albicans, cryptococcus…
Incubation period varies with the agent
Period of transmissibility varies with the agent
Reservoir varies with the agent
Modes of transmission varies with the agent
Clinical presentation varies with the agent
Resources
Case definition - MOPH circular no. 52 (2007): Meningitis
- MOPH circular no. 63 (2007): Neisseria meningitidis
- MOPH circular no. 54 (2007): Haemophilus influenzae b
- MOPH circular no. 36 (2012): West Nile Virus
Forms - Meningitis reporting form
- Meningitis investigation form
Data - Weekly report
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ATC Name ↑ B/G Ingredients Dosage Form Price
B05XA03 0.45% SODIUM CHLORIDE INJECTION USP G Sodium chloride - 0.45% 0.45% Injectable solution 160,885 L.L
B05XA03 0.45% SODIUM CHLORIDE INJECTION USP G Sodium chloride - 0.45% 0.45% Injectable solution 176,974 L.L
B05XA03 0.9% SODIUM CHLORIDE INJECTION USP G Sodium chloride - 0.9% 0.9% Injectable solution 145,946 L.L
B05XA03 0.9% SODIUM CHLORIDE INJECTION USP G Sodium chloride - 0.9% 0.9% Injectable solution 151,692 L.L
B05XA03 0.9% SODIUM CHLORIDE INJECTION USP G Sodium chloride - 0.9% 0.9% Injectable solution 164,333 L.L
B05XA03 0.9% SODIUM CHLORIDE INJECTION USP G Sodium chloride - 0.9% 0.9% Injectable solution 688,359 L.L
B05XA03 0.9% SODIUM CHLORIDE INJECTION USP G Sodium chloride - 0.9% 0.9% Injectable solution 144,797 L.L
B05XA03 0.9% SODIUM CHLORIDE INJECTION USP G Sodium chloride - 0.9% 0.9% Injectable solution 182,720 L.L
B05XA03 0.9% SODIUM CHLORIDE INJECTION USP G Sodium chloride - 0.9% 0.9% Injectable solution 209,151 L.L
B05XA03 0.9% SODIUM CHLORIDE INJECTION USP G Sodium chloride - 0.9% 0.9% Injectable solution 222,941 L.L
B05XA03 0.9% SODIUM CHLORIDE INJECTION USP G Sodium chloride - 0.9% 0.9% Injectable solution 181,570 L.L
B05CX01 10% DEXTROSE INJECTION USP G Dextrose,H2O - 10g/100ml 10% Injectable solution 219,493 L.L
B05CX01 10% DEXTROSE INJECTION USP G Dextrose,H2O - 10g/100ml 10% Injectable solution 170,079 L.L
B05CX01 10% DEXTROSE INJECTION USP G Dextrose,H2O - 10g/100ml 10% Injectable solution 194,211 L.L
B05CX01 10% DEXTROSE INJECTION USP G Dextrose,H2O - 10g/100ml 10% Injectable solution 284,997 L.L
B05CX01 10% DEXTROSE INJECTION USP G Dextrose,H2O - 10g/100ml 10% Injectable solution 220,643 L.L
B05CX01 10% DEXTROSE INJECTION USP G Dextrose,H2O - 10g/100ml 10% Injectable solution 252,820 L.L
A12AA03 10% W/V CALCIUM GLUCONATE INJECTION BP G Calcium gluconate - 10% 10% Injectable solution 3,952,241 L.L
R05D 123 COLD AND FLU B Phenylephrine HCl - 5mg, Carbinoxamine HCl - 3mg, Caffeine anhydrous - 30mg, Codeine phosphate - 8mg, Acetaminophen - 325mg Tablet 409,552 L.L
N02BE51 123 COMPLETE B Acetaminophen (day tablet, night tablet) - 500mg, Dextromethorphan HBr (day tablet, night tablet) - 5mg, Phenylephrine HCl (day tablet, night tablet) - 5mg, Carbinoxamine maleate (night tablet) - 3mg Tablet 537,537 L.L
B05BB02 2.5% DEXTROSE 0.45% SODIUM CHLORIDE INJECTION G Dextrose,H2O - 2.5g/100ml, Sodium chloride - 0.45g/100ml Injectable solution 172,377 L.L
B05BB02 2.5% DEXTROSE 0.45% SODIUM CHLORIDE INJECTION G Dextrose,H2O - 2.5g/100ml, Sodium chloride - 0.45g/100ml Injectable solution 224,090 L.L
B05 20 MEQ POTASSIUM OF 0.9% SODIUM CHLORIDE INJECTION USP B Sodium chloride - 0.9%, Potassium chloride - 20meq Injectable solution 278,102 L.L
B05 20 MEQ POTASSIUM OF 0.9% SODIUM CHLORIDE INJECTION USP B Sodium chloride - 0.9%, Potassium chloride - 20mEq Injectable solution 229,959 L.L
B05 20 MEQ POTASSIUM OF 5% DEXTROSE AND 0.45% SODIUM CHLORIDE INJECTION USP B Dextrose, H2O - 5%, Sodium chloride - 0.45%, Potassium chloride - 20meq Injectable solution 229,959 L.L
A11DB 3V G Vitamin B12 - 200mcg, Vitamin B6 - 200mg, Vitamin B1 - 100mg Tablet 229,797 L.L
A11DB 3V G Vitamin B12 - 1mg/3ml, Vitamin B6 - 100mg/3ml, Vitamin B1 - 100mg/3ml Injectable solution 198,889 L.L
B05BB02 5% DEXTROSE 0.45% SODIUM CHLORIDE INJECTION G Dextrose,H2O - 5g/100ml, Sodium chloride - 0.45g/100ml Injectable solution 179,272 L.L
B05BB02 5% DEXTROSE 0.45% SODIUM CHLORIDE INJECTION G Dextrose,H2O - 5g/100ml, Sodium chloride - 0.45g/100ml Injectable solution 224,090 L.L
B05BB02 5% DEXTROSE 0.9% SODIUM CHLORIDE INJECTION G Dextrose,H2O - 5g/100ml, Sodium chloride - 0.9g/100ml Injectable solution 180,421 L.L
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