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Meningitis

Generalities
Agent There are several agents causing meningitis.
1) Main Bacteria:
- Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcus): Gram negative diplococci. Main invasive serotypes are A, B, C, W135, X, and Y.
- Haemophilus influenza: Gram negative cocco-bacilli. There are 6 serotypes from (a) to (f). The serotype (b) is responsible of invasive infection.
- Streptococcus pneumonia (pneumococcus): Gram positive diplococci. There are more than 90 serotypes.
- Leptospira: spirochetes, Leptospira interrogans (26 serogroups)
- Listeria monocytogenes: Gram positive, rod-shapped
- Other bacterial agents: Staphylococcus, enteric bacteria, group B streptococci, Mycobacterium tuberculosis…
2) Virus:
- Mumps
- Measles
- West Nile virus: a Flavivirus
- Enterovirus: including Coxsackieviruses A (2-4, 7, 9-10), Coxsackieviruses B (1-6), Echoviruses (2, 5-7, 9-11, 14, 18, 30), Enterovirus 71, Poliovirus (1-3)
- Herpes Simplex virus (types 1 and 2): family Herpesviridae
- Varicella-Zoster virus: Human (alpha) Herpesvirus 3 (varicella-zoster) from the group Herpesvirus
- Adenovirus: Adenovirus, several types (1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 7), genus Mastadenovirus, family Adenoviridae, - Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus: an Arenavirus
- Sandfly fever viruses: genus Phlebovirus, family Bunyaviridae. They include more than 60 antigenically distinct virus serotypes. Two main groups are identified: a) Sandfly fever group including the Naples serocomplex (Karimabad virus, Arabia virus, Massilia virus, Punique virus, Tehran virus, Toscana virus …) and Sicilian serocomplex; and b) Uukuniemi group
-Other virus: arboviruses…
3) Parasites: - Candida albicans, cryptococcus…
Incubation period varies with the agent
Period of transmissibility varies with the agent
Reservoir varies with the agent
Modes of transmission varies with the agent
Clinical presentation varies with the agent
Resources
Case definition MOPH circular no. 52 (2007): Meningitis
MOPH circular no. 63 (2007): Neisseria meningitidis
MOPH circular no. 54 (2007): Haemophilus influenzae b
MOPH circular no. 36 (2012): West Nile Virus
Forms - Meningitis reporting form
- Meningitis investigation form
Data - Weekly report
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ATC Name B/G Ingredients Dosage Form Price
H01CB02 SANDOSTATIN LAR B Octreotide (acetate) - 30mg 30mg Injectable powder for suspension+diluent L.L
L01EX01 SUTENT B Sunitinib maleate - 12.5mg 12.5mg Capsule 54,006,801 L.L
N04BB01 SYMMETREL B Amantadine - 100mg 100mg Capsule 568,253 L.L
N04BC05 SIFROL B Pramipexole (dihydrochloride monohydrate) - 0.18mg 0.18mg Tablet 631,606 L.L
L01EX01 SUTENT B Sunitinib maleate - 25mg 25mg Capsule 98,852,769 L.L
N04BC05 SIFROL B Pramipexole (dihydrochloride monohydrate) - 0.7mg 0.7mg Tablet 2,478,046 L.L
R07AA01 SURVANTA B Colfosceril palmitate - 200mg/8ml 200mg/8ml Suspension 36,957,499 L.L
L01EX01 SUTENT B Sunitinib maleate - 50mg 50mg Capsule 197,706,574 L.L
R03AK07 SYMBICORT B Formoterol fumarate dihydrate - 4.5mcg/Inhalation, Budesonide - 160mcg/Inhalation Inhalation powder 3,378,420 L.L
N04BC05 SIFROL ER B Pramipexole (dihydrochloride monohydrate) - 0.75mg 0.75mg Tablet, extended release 942,034 L.L
R03AK07 SYMBICORT TURBUHALER B Formoterol fumarate dihydrate - 4.5mcg/inhalation, Budesonide - 160mcg/inhalation Inhalation powder 1,689,210 L.L
N04BC05 SIFROL ER B Pramipexole (dihydrochloride monohydrate) - 0.375mg 0.375mg Tablet, extended release 473,033 L.L
N04BC05 SIFROL ER B Pramipexole (dihydrochloride monohydrate) - 1.5mg 1.5mg Tablet, extended release 1,847,783 L.L
R03AK07 SYMBICORT B Formoterol fumarate dihydrate - 9mcg/Inhalation, Budesonide - 320mcg/Inhalation Inhalation powder 3,378,420 L.L
L01EX05 STIVARGA B Regorafenib - 40mg 40mg Tablet, film coated 262,387,816 L.L
D10AX03 SKINOREN B Azelaic acid - 0.2g/g 0.2g/g Cream 722,987 L.L
G04CA04 SILOSIN B Silodosine - 4mg 4mg Capsule 1,251,693 L.L
R03AL06 SPIOLTO RESPIMAT B Olodaterol HCl - 2.5mcg/puff, Tiotropium bromide monohydrate - 2.5mcg/puff Inhalation solution 5,087,788 L.L
G04CA04 SILOSIN B Silodosine - 8mg 8mg Capsule 1,927,454 L.L
N06AX27 SPRAVATO B Esketamine - 28mg/device 28mg/device Solution 25,122,440 L.L
N06AX27 SPRAVATO B Esketamine (HCl) - 28mg 28mg/device Solution 66,978,978 L.L
N06AX27 SPRAVATO B Esketamine (HCl) - 28mg 28mg/device Solution 44,561,381 L.L
R03BB04 SPIRIVA WITH HANDIHALER B Tiotropium bromide - 18mcg 18mcg Capsule, inhalation 3,179,531 L.L
R03BB06 SEEBRI BREEZHALER B Glycopyronium Bromide - 50mcg 50mcg Capsule, inhalation 2,687,685 L.L
N06BX06 SOMAZINA B Citicoline - 1000mg/sachet 1000mg/sachet Solution 974,286 L.L
N06BX06 SOMAZINA B Citicoline (sodium) - 1,000mg/4ml 1,000mg/4ml Injectable solution 787,492 L.L
A03A SPASMOBROM B Pipethanate Ethobromide - 20mg 20mg Tablet, coated 705,517 L.L
D11AX22 SOOLANTRA B Ivermectin - 10mg/g 10mg/g Cream 2,154,180 L.L
D11AX22 SOOLANTRA B Ivermectin - 10mg/g 10mg/g Cream 1,053,573 L.L
H01CB02 SANDOSTATIN B Octreotide - 0.1mg/ml 0.1mg/ml Injectable solution 1,038,790 L.L
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