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Meningitis

Generalities
Agent There are several agents causing meningitis.
1) Main Bacteria:
- Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcus): Gram negative diplococci. Main invasive serotypes are A, B, C, W135, X, and Y.
- Haemophilus influenza: Gram negative cocco-bacilli. There are 6 serotypes from (a) to (f). The serotype (b) is responsible of invasive infection.
- Streptococcus pneumonia (pneumococcus): Gram positive diplococci. There are more than 90 serotypes.
- Leptospira: spirochetes, Leptospira interrogans (26 serogroups)
- Listeria monocytogenes: Gram positive, rod-shapped
- Other bacterial agents: Staphylococcus, enteric bacteria, group B streptococci, Mycobacterium tuberculosis…
2) Virus:
- Mumps
- Measles
- West Nile virus: a Flavivirus
- Enterovirus: including Coxsackieviruses A (2-4, 7, 9-10), Coxsackieviruses B (1-6), Echoviruses (2, 5-7, 9-11, 14, 18, 30), Enterovirus 71, Poliovirus (1-3)
- Herpes Simplex virus (types 1 and 2): family Herpesviridae
- Varicella-Zoster virus: Human (alpha) Herpesvirus 3 (varicella-zoster) from the group Herpesvirus
- Adenovirus: Adenovirus, several types (1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 7), genus Mastadenovirus, family Adenoviridae, - Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus: an Arenavirus
- Sandfly fever viruses: genus Phlebovirus, family Bunyaviridae. They include more than 60 antigenically distinct virus serotypes. Two main groups are identified: a) Sandfly fever group including the Naples serocomplex (Karimabad virus, Arabia virus, Massilia virus, Punique virus, Tehran virus, Toscana virus …) and Sicilian serocomplex; and b) Uukuniemi group
-Other virus: arboviruses…
3) Parasites: - Candida albicans, cryptococcus…
Incubation period varies with the agent
Period of transmissibility varies with the agent
Reservoir varies with the agent
Modes of transmission varies with the agent
Clinical presentation varies with the agent
Resources
Case definition MOPH circular no. 52 (2007): Meningitis
MOPH circular no. 63 (2007): Neisseria meningitidis
MOPH circular no. 54 (2007): Haemophilus influenzae b
MOPH circular no. 36 (2012): West Nile Virus
Forms - Meningitis reporting form
- Meningitis investigation form
Data - Weekly report
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ATC Name B/G Ingredients Dosage Form Price
L04AD02 ADVAGRAF B Tacrolimus monohydrate - 1mg 1mg Capsule, prolonged release 25,729,044 L.L
A10BB12 AMARYL B Glimepiride - 1mg 1mg Tablet 231,141 L.L
A10BB12 AMEPRIDE G Glimepiride - 1mg 1mg Tablet 137,072 L.L
J05AF10 AVIRAVIR G Entecavir monohydrate - 1mg 1mg Tablet, film coated 31,285,380 L.L
C01CA24 ADRENALINE RENAUDIN G Epinephrine (tartrate) - 1mg/ml 1mg Injectable solution 444,812 L.L
N05BA12 ALPROX G Alprazolam - 1mg 1mg Tablet 895,895 L.L
L02BG03 ARIMIDEX B Anastrozole - 1mg 1mg Tablet, film coated 3,202,377 L.L
L02BG03 ANASTROZOL GP PHARM G Anastrozole - 1mg 1mg Tablet, film coated 1,181,238 L.L
L02BG03 ANASTROZOLE BIOGARAN G Anastrozole - 1mg 1mg Tablet, coated 3,800,387 L.L
D07AC14 ADVANTAN B Methylprednisolone aceponate - 1mg/g 1mg/g Ointment 385,683 L.L
D07AC14 ADVANTAN B Methylprednisolone aceponate - 1mg/g 1mg/g Cream 385,683 L.L
A03BA01 ATROPINE G Atropine sulfate - 1mg/ml 1mg/ml Injectable solution 702,149 L.L
C01CA24 ADRENALINE 1 MG I.V. G Adrenaline - 1mg/ml 1mg/ml Injectable solution 2,239,738 L.L
C01CA24 ADRENALINE SALF G Adrenaline - 1mg/ml 1mg/ml Injectable solution 220,390 L.L
D11AX01 ALOPEXY G Minoxidil - 20mg/ml 2% Solution 532,162 L.L
D11AX01 ALOPEXY G Minoxidil - 2% 2% Solution 532,162 L.L
D06AX01 ACIDE FUSIDIQUE BGR G Fusidic acid - 2% 2% Cream 202,920 L.L
D06AX09 AVALON AVOBAN G Mupirocin - 2% w/w 2% Ointment 460,938 L.L
M02AA10 ACHONID GEL G Ketoprofen - 2.5% 2.5% Gel 179,179 L.L
R03DA05 AMINOPHYLLINE RENAUDIN G Aminophylline - 250mg/10ml 2.5% Injectable solution 739,113 L.L
L02BG04 APO-LETROZOLE G Letrozole - 2.5mg 2.5mg Tablet 1,962,010 L.L
B01AF02 APIXEL G Apixaban - 2.5mg 2.5mg Tablet, film coated 1,750,579 L.L
B01AF02 APO-APIXABAN G Apixaban - 2.5mg 2.5mg Tablet 3,084,119 L.L
B01AF02 AVIXAN G Apixaban - 2.5mg 2.5mg Tablet, film coated 2,777,275 L.L
C09AA05 ACURIL G Ramipril - 2.5mg 2.5mg Tablet 497,222 L.L
C09AA05 APO-RAMIPRIL G Ramipril - 2.5mg 2.5mg Capsule 463,626 L.L
B01AX05 ARIXTRA B Fondaparinux sodium - 2.5mg/0.5ml 2.5mg/0.5ml Injectable solution 5,341,774 L.L
R03AC02 ASTHALIN G Salbutamol (sulfate) - 2.5mg/2.5ml 2.5mg/2.5ml Inhalation solution 325,210 L.L
B05AA01 ALBUTEIN BioHuman Human Albumin - 20% 20% Injectable solution 7,154,928 L.L
B05AA01 ALBUREL HUMAN ALBUMIN BP BioHuman Albumin human - 20% 20% Injectable solution 3,240,004 L.L
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