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Meningitis

Generalities
Agent There are several agents causing meningitis.
1) Main Bacteria:
- Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcus): Gram negative diplococci. Main invasive serotypes are A, B, C, W135, X, and Y.
- Haemophilus influenza: Gram negative cocco-bacilli. There are 6 serotypes from (a) to (f). The serotype (b) is responsible of invasive infection.
- Streptococcus pneumonia (pneumococcus): Gram positive diplococci. There are more than 90 serotypes.
- Leptospira: spirochetes, Leptospira interrogans (26 serogroups)
- Listeria monocytogenes: Gram positive, rod-shapped
- Other bacterial agents: Staphylococcus, enteric bacteria, group B streptococci, Mycobacterium tuberculosis…
2) Virus:
- Mumps
- Measles
- West Nile virus: a Flavivirus
- Enterovirus: including Coxsackieviruses A (2-4, 7, 9-10), Coxsackieviruses B (1-6), Echoviruses (2, 5-7, 9-11, 14, 18, 30), Enterovirus 71, Poliovirus (1-3)
- Herpes Simplex virus (types 1 and 2): family Herpesviridae
- Varicella-Zoster virus: Human (alpha) Herpesvirus 3 (varicella-zoster) from the group Herpesvirus
- Adenovirus: Adenovirus, several types (1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 7), genus Mastadenovirus, family Adenoviridae, - Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus: an Arenavirus
- Sandfly fever viruses: genus Phlebovirus, family Bunyaviridae. They include more than 60 antigenically distinct virus serotypes. Two main groups are identified: a) Sandfly fever group including the Naples serocomplex (Karimabad virus, Arabia virus, Massilia virus, Punique virus, Tehran virus, Toscana virus …) and Sicilian serocomplex; and b) Uukuniemi group
-Other virus: arboviruses…
3) Parasites: - Candida albicans, cryptococcus…
Incubation period varies with the agent
Period of transmissibility varies with the agent
Reservoir varies with the agent
Modes of transmission varies with the agent
Clinical presentation varies with the agent
Resources
Case definition MOPH circular no. 52 (2007): Meningitis
MOPH circular no. 63 (2007): Neisseria meningitidis
MOPH circular no. 54 (2007): Haemophilus influenzae b
MOPH circular no. 36 (2012): West Nile Virus
Forms - Meningitis reporting form
- Meningitis investigation form
Data - Weekly report
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ATC Name B/G Ingredients Dosage Form Price
S01EE03 LUMIGAN B Bimatoprost - 0.1mg/ml 0.1mg/ml Drops solution 740,457 L.L
A10BA02 GLUCOPHAGE XR B Metformin HCl - 750mg 750mg Tablet, prolonged release 665,875 L.L
A12AX CI-CAL+D B Calcium citrate - 250mg, Vitamin D3 - 800IU Tablet, chewable 804,962 L.L
C09DA06 BLOPRESS PLUS 8MG B Candesartan cilexetil - 8mg, Hydrochlorothiazide - 12.5mg Tablet 1,060,292 L.L
C10BX06 TRINOMIA B Acetylsalicylic acid - 100mg, Atorvastatin - 20mg, Ramipril - 10mg Capsule, hard 1,596,485 L.L
H02AB02 DECADRON B Dexamethasone - 0.5mg 0.5mg Tablet, scored 378,240 L.L
M03BC51 NORGESIC B Paracetamol - 450mg, Orphenadrine (citrate) - 35mg Tablet 412,560 L.L
N02BE51 HUMEX RHUME B Pseudoephedrine HCl (tablet) - 60mg, Paracetamol (tablet) - 500mg, Paracetamol (capsule) - 500mg, Chlorphenamine maleate (capsule) - 4mg Tablet, capsule 467,657 L.L
S01EE04 TRAVATAN B Travoprost - 40mcg/ml 0.004% Drops solution 806,306 L.L
C07AB07/C09CA CONCOR T 2.5 B Bisoprolol fumarate - 2.5mg, Telmisartan - 40mg Tablet 1,118,900 L.L
D01AC01 CANESTEN B Clotrimazole - 0.01g/ml 0.01g/ml Solution 368,213 L.L
G01AX ENTEROGERMINA B Bacillus clausii spores - 2 Billions/5ml Suspension 1,131,515 L.L
J01DD08 SUPRAX B Cefixime (trihydrate) - 200mg 200mg Capsule 1,067,011 L.L
L04AD02 ADVAGRAF B Tacrolimus monohydrate - 3mg 3mg Capsule, prolonged release 68,645,618 L.L
C07AB07/C09CA CONCOR T 2.5 B Bisoprolol fumarate - 2.5mg, Telmisartan - 40mg Tablet 2,125,622 L.L
C09DA07 MICARDIS PLUS B Telmisartan - 80mg, Hydrochlorothiazide - 12.5mg Tablet 1,101,951 L.L
D01AC01 CANESTEN B Clotrimazole - 0.01g/g 0.01g/g Cream 344,024 L.L
G01AX ENTEROGERMINA B Bacillus clausii spores - 2 Billions/5ml Suspension 595,322 L.L
J01DD08 SUPRAX B Cefixime (trihydrate) - 200mg 200mg Capsule 1,067,011 L.L
L01BC07 VIDAZA B Azacitidine - 100mg 100mg Injectable lyophilised powder 15,158,791 L.L
L04AD02 ADVAGRAF B Tacrolimus monohydrate - 1mg 1mg Capsule, prolonged release 25,729,044 L.L
N02BG06 ACUPAN B Nefopam HCl - 20mg 20mg Injectable solution 365,525 L.L
C07AB07/C09CA CONCOR T 5 B Bisoprolol fumarate - 5mg, Telmisartan - 40mg Tablet 1,402,220 L.L
D01AC02 DAKTARIN B Miconazole nitrate - 20mg/g 20mg/g Cream 231,141 L.L
G01AX ENTEROGERMINA B Bacillus clausii spores - 2 Billions Capsule 831,839 L.L
H02AB04 SOLU MEDROL Act-O-Vial B Methylprednisolone sodium succinate - 40mg 40mg Injectable powder for solution+diluent 313,115 L.L
L04AD02 ADVAGRAF B Tacrolimus monohydrate - 5mg 5mg Capsule, prolonged release 85,485,667 L.L
A10BA02 GLUCOPHAGE XR B Metformin HCl - 1000mg 1000mg Tablet, prolonged release 726,278 L.L
A12CC MAGNE B6 B Pyridoxine HCl - 5mg, Magnesium lactate dihydrate - 470mg Tablet, coated 365,525 L.L
C07AB12 NEBILET B Nebivolol HCl - 5mg 5mg Tablet, scored 694,767 L.L
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