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Meningitis

Generalities
Agent There are several agents causing meningitis.
1) Main Bacteria:
- Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcus): Gram negative diplococci. Main invasive serotypes are A, B, C, W135, X, and Y.
- Haemophilus influenza: Gram negative cocco-bacilli. There are 6 serotypes from (a) to (f). The serotype (b) is responsible of invasive infection.
- Streptococcus pneumonia (pneumococcus): Gram positive diplococci. There are more than 90 serotypes.
- Leptospira: spirochetes, Leptospira interrogans (26 serogroups)
- Listeria monocytogenes: Gram positive, rod-shapped
- Other bacterial agents: Staphylococcus, enteric bacteria, group B streptococci, Mycobacterium tuberculosis…
2) Virus:
- Mumps
- Measles
- West Nile virus: a Flavivirus
- Enterovirus: including Coxsackieviruses A (2-4, 7, 9-10), Coxsackieviruses B (1-6), Echoviruses (2, 5-7, 9-11, 14, 18, 30), Enterovirus 71, Poliovirus (1-3)
- Herpes Simplex virus (types 1 and 2): family Herpesviridae
- Varicella-Zoster virus: Human (alpha) Herpesvirus 3 (varicella-zoster) from the group Herpesvirus
- Adenovirus: Adenovirus, several types (1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 7), genus Mastadenovirus, family Adenoviridae, - Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus: an Arenavirus
- Sandfly fever viruses: genus Phlebovirus, family Bunyaviridae. They include more than 60 antigenically distinct virus serotypes. Two main groups are identified: a) Sandfly fever group including the Naples serocomplex (Karimabad virus, Arabia virus, Massilia virus, Punique virus, Tehran virus, Toscana virus …) and Sicilian serocomplex; and b) Uukuniemi group
-Other virus: arboviruses…
3) Parasites: - Candida albicans, cryptococcus…
Incubation period varies with the agent
Period of transmissibility varies with the agent
Reservoir varies with the agent
Modes of transmission varies with the agent
Clinical presentation varies with the agent
Resources
Case definition - MOPH circular no. 52 (2007): Meningitis
- MOPH circular no. 63 (2007): Neisseria meningitidis
- MOPH circular no. 54 (2007): Haemophilus influenzae b
- MOPH circular no. 36 (2012): West Nile Virus
Forms - Meningitis reporting form
- Meningitis investigation form
Data - Weekly report
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ATC Name B/G Ingredients Dosage Form Price
B05XA03 SODIUM CHLORIDE G Sodium chloride - 0.9% 0.9% Injectable solution 181,908 L.L
B05XA03 SODIUM CHLORIDE 0.9% INJECTION USP G Sodium chloride - 0.9% 0.9% Injectable solution 156,288 L.L
B05XA03 SODIUM CHLORIDE 0.9% INJECTION USP G Sodium chloride - 0.9% 0.9% Injectable solution 165,482 L.L
B05XA03 SODIUM CHLORIDE 0.9% INJECTION, USP G Sodium chloride - 0.9% 0.9% Injectable solution 176,974 L.L
B05XA03 SODIUM CHLORIDE 0.9% INJECTION, USP G Sodium chloride - 0.9% 0.9% Injectable solution 163,184 L.L
B05XA03 SODIUM CHLORIDE 0.9% INJECTION, USP G Sodium chloride - 0.9% 0.9% Injectable solution 156,288 L.L
B05XA03 SOLUFLEX SODIUM CHLORIDE 0.9% INJECTION USP G Sodium chloride - 0.9% 0.9% Injectable solution 180,421 L.L
B05XA03 SOLUFLEX SODIUM CHLORIDE 0.9% INJECTION USP G Sodium chloride - 0.9% 0.9% Injectable solution 180,421 L.L
B05XA03 SOLUFLEX SODIUM CHLORIDE 0.9% INJECTION, USP G Sodium chloride - 0.9% 0.9% Injectable solution 218,344 L.L
B05XA03 SOLUFLEX SODIUM CHLORIDE 0.9% INJECTION, USP G Sodium chloride - 0.9% 0.9% Injectable solution 203,405 L.L
B05XA03 SOLUFLEX SODIUM CHLORIDE 0.9% INJECTION, USP G Sodium chloride - 0.9% 0.9% Injectable solution 179,272 L.L
N04BC05 SIFROL B Pramipexole (dihydrochloride monohydrate) - 0.7mg 0.7mg Tablet 2,478,046 L.L
N04BC05 SIFROL ER B Pramipexole (dihydrochloride monohydrate) - 0.75mg 0.75mg Tablet, extended release 942,034 L.L
H01CB05 SIGNIFOR B Pasireotide (diaspartate) - 0.6mg/ml 0.6mg/ml Injectable solution 180,355,261 L.L
L04AA27 SCLEMOD G Fingolimod Hydrochloride - 0.5mg 0.5mg Capsule L.L
L04AA27 SCLEMOD G Fingolimod Hydrochloride - 0.5mg 0.5mg Capsule 18,264,981 L.L
L04AA27 SCLEMOD G Fingolimod Hydrochloride - 0.5mg 0.5mg Capsule 17,079,643 L.L
L04AA27 SCLEMOD G Fingolimod Hydrochloride - 0.5mg 0.5mg Capsule L.L
B05XA03 SODIUM CHLORIDE G Sodium chloride - 0.45% 0.45% Injectable solution 133,856 L.L
B05XA03 SODIUM CHLORIDE G Sodium chloride - 0.45% 0.45% Injectable solution 149,393 L.L
B05XA03 SODIUM CHLORIDE G Sodium chloride - 0.45% 0.45% Injectable solution 163,184 L.L
B05XA03 SODIUM CHLORIDE G Sodium chloride - 0.45% 0.45% Injectable solution 176,974 L.L
B05XA03 SODIUM CHLORIDE G Sodium chloride - 0.45% 0.45% Injectable solution 161,805 L.L
B05XA03 SODIUM CHLORIDE 0.45% INJECTION, USP G Sodium chloride - 0.45% 0.45% Injectable solution 161,314 L.L
B05XA03 SODIUM CHLORIDE 0.45% INJECTION, USP G Sodium chloride - 0.45% 0.45% Injectable solution 149,393 L.L
B05XA03 SODIUM CHLORIDE 0.45% INJECTION, USP G Sodium chloride - 0.45% 0.45% Injectable solution 148,566 L.L
H01CB05 SIGNIFOR B Pasireotide (diaspartate) - 0.3mg/ml 0.3mg/ml Injectable solution 168,719,438 L.L
N04BC05 SIFROL ER B Pramipexole (dihydrochloride monohydrate) - 0.375mg 0.375mg Tablet, extended release 473,033 L.L
D10AX03 SKINOREN B Azelaic acid - 0.2g/g 0.2g/g Cream 722,987 L.L
H01CB02 SANDOSTATIN B Octreotide - 0.1mg/ml 0.1mg/ml Injectable solution 1,038,790 L.L
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