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Meningitis

Generalities
Agent There are several agents causing meningitis.
1) Main Bacteria:
- Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcus): Gram negative diplococci. Main invasive serotypes are A, B, C, W135, X, and Y.
- Haemophilus influenza: Gram negative cocco-bacilli. There are 6 serotypes from (a) to (f). The serotype (b) is responsible of invasive infection.
- Streptococcus pneumonia (pneumococcus): Gram positive diplococci. There are more than 90 serotypes.
- Leptospira: spirochetes, Leptospira interrogans (26 serogroups)
- Listeria monocytogenes: Gram positive, rod-shapped
- Other bacterial agents: Staphylococcus, enteric bacteria, group B streptococci, Mycobacterium tuberculosis…
2) Virus:
- Mumps
- Measles
- West Nile virus: a Flavivirus
- Enterovirus: including Coxsackieviruses A (2-4, 7, 9-10), Coxsackieviruses B (1-6), Echoviruses (2, 5-7, 9-11, 14, 18, 30), Enterovirus 71, Poliovirus (1-3)
- Herpes Simplex virus (types 1 and 2): family Herpesviridae
- Varicella-Zoster virus: Human (alpha) Herpesvirus 3 (varicella-zoster) from the group Herpesvirus
- Adenovirus: Adenovirus, several types (1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 7), genus Mastadenovirus, family Adenoviridae, - Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus: an Arenavirus
- Sandfly fever viruses: genus Phlebovirus, family Bunyaviridae. They include more than 60 antigenically distinct virus serotypes. Two main groups are identified: a) Sandfly fever group including the Naples serocomplex (Karimabad virus, Arabia virus, Massilia virus, Punique virus, Tehran virus, Toscana virus …) and Sicilian serocomplex; and b) Uukuniemi group
-Other virus: arboviruses…
3) Parasites: - Candida albicans, cryptococcus…
Incubation period varies with the agent
Period of transmissibility varies with the agent
Reservoir varies with the agent
Modes of transmission varies with the agent
Clinical presentation varies with the agent
Resources
Case definition MOPH circular no. 52 (2007): Meningitis
MOPH circular no. 63 (2007): Neisseria meningitidis
MOPH circular no. 54 (2007): Haemophilus influenzae b
MOPH circular no. 36 (2012): West Nile Virus
Forms - Meningitis reporting form
- Meningitis investigation form
Data - Weekly report
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ATC Name B/G Ingredients Dosage Form Price
L01XG02 KYPROLIS B Carfilzomib - 60mg 60mg Injectable powder for solution 96,642,005 L.L
B01AC24 KLOTEGO G Ticagrelor - 90mg 90mg Tablet, film coated 2,598,096 L.L
A04AA02 KYTRIL B Granisetron (HCl) - 1mg 1mg Tablet, film coated 2,765,628 L.L
B01AC24 KLOTEGO G Ticagrelor - 90mg 90mg Tablet, film coated 2,598,096 L.L
N05BA01 KRATIUM G Diazepam - 10mg/2ml 10mg/2ml Injectable solution 537,537 L.L
B01AC24 KLOTEGO G Ticagrelor - 60mg 60mg Tablet, film coated 2,598,096 L.L
A04AA02 KYTRIL B Granisetron (HCl) - 3mg/3ml 3mg/3ml Injectable solution 3,711,693 L.L
A10BD10 KOMBIGLYZE XR B Saxagliptin HCl - 2.5mg, Metformin HCl - 1000mg Tablet, extended release 4,059,748 L.L
B01AC24 KLOTEGO G Ticagrelor - 60mg 60mg Tablet, film coated 2,598,096 L.L
A10BD10 KOMBIGLYZE XR B Saxagliptin HCl - 5mg, Metformin HCl - 1000mg Tablet, extended release 3,979,118 L.L
J01FA09 KLACID B Clarithromycin - 500mg 500mg Tablet, film coated 1,329,060 L.L
J05AR10 KALUVIA G Lopinavir - 200mg, Ritonavir - 50mg Tablet, film coated 7,632,790 L.L
N01AX03 KETAMINE PANPHARMA G Ketamine HCl - 250mg/5ml 250mg/5ml Injectable solution 1,534,668 L.L
J01FA09 KLERIMED G Clarithromycin - 500mg 500mg Tablet 686,704 L.L
J01FA09 KLACID B Clarithromycin - 500mg 500mg Injectable powder for solution 1,428,505 L.L
N03AX14 KEPPRA B Levetiracetam - 250mg 250mg Tablet, film coated 3,240,855 L.L
J01FA09 KLACID B Clarithromycin - 125mg/5ml 125mg/5ml Granules for suspension 575,165 L.L
J01FA09 KLACID B Clarithromycin - 250mg/5ml 250mg/5ml Granules for suspension 1,698,617 L.L
J01FA09 KLACID RM B Clarithromycin - 500mg 500mg Tablet, modified release 1,173,175 L.L
N03AX14 KEPPRA B Levetiracetam - 500mg 500mg Tablet, film coated 6,478,288 L.L
V06DD KETOSTERIL B Calcium - 0.05g, Total nitrogen - 36mg, L-Tyrosine - 30mg, L-Histidine - 38mg, L-Tryptophan - 23mg, L-Threonine - 53mg, L-Lysine Monoacetate - 105mg, Alpha Hydroxyanalogue-DL-Methionine, Calcium Salt - 59mg, Alpha Ketoanalogue-Valine,Calcium Salt - 86mg, Alpha Ketoanalogue-Phenylalanine,Calcium Salt - 68mg, Alpha-Ketoanalogue- Leucine,Calcium Salt - 101mg, Alpha-Ketoanalogue-DL-isoleucine,Calcium Salt - 67mg Tablet, film coated 3,950,897 L.L
M01AB15 KETOLAC G Ketorolac trometamine - 10mg 10mg Tablet 106,164 L.L
N03AX14 KEPCITAM G Levetiracetam - 500mg 500mg Tablet, film coated 2,933,608 L.L
M01AB15 KETO-AVI G Ketorolac tromethamine - 30mg/ml 30mg/ml Injectable solution 106,164 L.L
M01AB15 KETOLAC G Ketorolac trometamine - 30mg/2ml 30mg/2ml Injectable solution 106,164 L.L
N03AX14 KEPPRA B Levetiracetam - 1000mg 1,000mg Tablet, film coated 12,202,941 L.L
N03AX14 KEPCITAM G Levetiracetam - 1000mg 1000mg Tablet, film coated 3,119,058 L.L
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