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Meningitis

Generalities
Agent There are several agents causing meningitis.
1) Main Bacteria:
- Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcus): Gram negative diplococci. Main invasive serotypes are A, B, C, W135, X, and Y.
- Haemophilus influenza: Gram negative cocco-bacilli. There are 6 serotypes from (a) to (f). The serotype (b) is responsible of invasive infection.
- Streptococcus pneumonia (pneumococcus): Gram positive diplococci. There are more than 90 serotypes.
- Leptospira: spirochetes, Leptospira interrogans (26 serogroups)
- Listeria monocytogenes: Gram positive, rod-shapped
- Other bacterial agents: Staphylococcus, enteric bacteria, group B streptococci, Mycobacterium tuberculosis…
2) Virus:
- Mumps
- Measles
- West Nile virus: a Flavivirus
- Enterovirus: including Coxsackieviruses A (2-4, 7, 9-10), Coxsackieviruses B (1-6), Echoviruses (2, 5-7, 9-11, 14, 18, 30), Enterovirus 71, Poliovirus (1-3)
- Herpes Simplex virus (types 1 and 2): family Herpesviridae
- Varicella-Zoster virus: Human (alpha) Herpesvirus 3 (varicella-zoster) from the group Herpesvirus
- Adenovirus: Adenovirus, several types (1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 7), genus Mastadenovirus, family Adenoviridae, - Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus: an Arenavirus
- Sandfly fever viruses: genus Phlebovirus, family Bunyaviridae. They include more than 60 antigenically distinct virus serotypes. Two main groups are identified: a) Sandfly fever group including the Naples serocomplex (Karimabad virus, Arabia virus, Massilia virus, Punique virus, Tehran virus, Toscana virus …) and Sicilian serocomplex; and b) Uukuniemi group
-Other virus: arboviruses…
3) Parasites: - Candida albicans, cryptococcus…
Incubation period varies with the agent
Period of transmissibility varies with the agent
Reservoir varies with the agent
Modes of transmission varies with the agent
Clinical presentation varies with the agent
Resources
Case definition MOPH circular no. 52 (2007): Meningitis
MOPH circular no. 63 (2007): Neisseria meningitidis
MOPH circular no. 54 (2007): Haemophilus influenzae b
MOPH circular no. 36 (2012): West Nile Virus
Forms - Meningitis reporting form
- Meningitis investigation form
Data - Weekly report
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ATC Name B/G Ingredients Dosage Form Price
R05CA12 HEDERAL G Dried Ivy leaf extract - 37mg/5ml 37mg/5ml Syrup 309,084 L.L
R05CA12 HEDECTON COUGH G Ivy leaf soft extract - 40mg/5ml Syrup 467,657 L.L
H02AB09 HYDROCORTISON VUAB G Hydrocortisone hydrogenosuccinate - 100mg 100mg Injectable dry powder for solution 147,823 L.L
H02AB09 HYDROCORTISONE ORBUCELL G Hydrocortisone (sodium succinate) - 100mg 100mg Injectable powder 1,091,712 L.L
H02AB09 HYDROCORTISONE ROUSSEL B Hydrocortisone - 10mg 10mg Tablet, scored 260,705 L.L
C08CA01 HYPODIPINE 5 G Amlodipine (besylate) - 5mg 5mg Capsule 362,837 L.L
D03AX HEALIN B G ?-sitosterol - 0.25% 0.25% Ointment 849,820 L.L
D04AA32 HISTERGAN G Diphenhydramine HCl - 2% 2% Cream 546,944 L.L
L01CE01 HYCAMTIN IV B Topotecan HCl - 4mg 4mg Injectable lyophilised powder for solution 52,580,031 L.L
D04AA32 HISTAFEN G Diphenhydramine HCl - 2% 2% Solution 362,837 L.L
L01CE01 HYCAMTIN IV B Topotecan HCl - 4mg 4mg Injectable lyophilised powder for solution 52,580,031 L.L
B01AB12 HIBOR G Bemiparin Sodium - 2,500IU 2,500IU Injectable solution 704,173 L.L
B01AB12 HIBOR G Bemiparin Sodium - 3,500IU 3,500IU Injectable solution 1,029,383 L.L
B01AB12 HIBOR G Bemiparin Sodium - 5,000IU 5,000IU Injectable solution 1,466,132 L.L
B01AB12 HIBOR G Bemiparin Sodium - 7,500IU 7,500IU Injectable solution 2,198,526 L.L
L01XX41 HALAVEN B Eribulin mesylate - 0.88mg/2ml 0.88mg/2ml Injectable solution 38,083,434 L.L
J05AF10 HEPCAVIR 1 G Entecavir monohydrate - 1mg 1mg Tablet, film coated 18,998,515 L.L
J05AF10 HEPCAVIR 0.5 G Entecavir monohydrate - 0.5mg 0.5mg Tablet, film coated 18,998,515 L.L
M09AX01 HYALGAN B Hyaluronic acid (sodium) - 20mg/2ml 20mg/2ml Injectable solution 3,407,985 L.L
B05BB02 HI-SODIUM WITHOUT POTASSIUM INJECTION G Sodium dihydrogenophosphate - 0.137g/100ml, Sodium lactate (anhydre) - 0.223g/100ml, Sodium chloride - 0.175g/100ml, Dextrose monohydrate - 5g/100ml Injectable solution 166,708 L.L
B05BB02 HI-SODIUM INJECTION G Sodium lactate - 0.223g%, Sodium dihydrogenophosphate - 0.137g%, Potassium chloride - 0.149g%, Sodium chloride - 0.175g%, Dextrose, H2O - 5.0g% Injectable solution 176,024 L.L
D06BA51 HYALO4 PLUS G Hyaluronic acid (sodium) - 0.2%, Silver sulfadiazine - 1% Cream 466,313 L.L
R06AA52 HISTALIX G Diphenhydramine HCl - 14mg/5ml, Ammonium chloride - 135mg/5ml, Menthol - 1.1mg/5ml Syrup 405,840 L.L
B05BB02 HI-SODIUM INJECTION WITH POTASSIUM G Potassium chloride - 0.149g/100ml, Sodium dihydrogenophosphate - 0.137g/100ml, Sodium lactate (anhydre) - 0.223g/100ml, Sodium chloride - 0.175g/100ml, Dextrose monohydrate - 5g/100ml Injectable solution 165,727 L.L
R06AB02 HISTAMED G Dexchlorpheniramine maleate - 1% 1% Gel 477,384 L.L
R06AB52 HISTAMED-F G Dexchlorpheniramine - 2mg/5ml, Dexamethasone - 0.25mg/5ml Syrup 712,876 L.L
N05CD08 HIKMA MIDAZOLAM G Midazolam (HCl) - 5mg/ml 5mg/ml Injectable solution 679,984 L.L
R06AB52 HISTAMED-F G Dexchlorpheniramine maleate - 2mg, Dexamethasone - 0.25mg, Fluphenazine HCl - 0.25mg Tablet, coated 579,772 L.L
D07AA02 HYDROCORTISONE ACETATE G Hydrocortisone acetate - 1% 1% Cream 215,015 L.L
A06AA01 HUILE DE PARAFFINE G Liquid paraffin - Liquid 207,336 L.L
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