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Coronavirus: invasive/novel

Generalities
Agent Coronaviruses belong to a large family of viruses that can cause diseases ranging from the common cold to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS).
1) Classical coronavirus: viruses that can infect humans and animals.
- Human coronavirus (HCoV): causing mild illness (229E, OC43, NL63, and HKU1...)
- Animal coronavirus: may infect pigs, domestic and wild birds, bats, rodents, dogs, cats and cattle. They cause acute and chronic diseases in animals such as respiratory and gastro-enteric diseases, neurologic diseases, and liver disease.
2) Novel coronavirus:
- Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS-CoV) who caused a large outbreak in 2002-2003.
- Middle East respiratory syndrome–Novel Coronavirus (MERS-CoV): first identified in 2012
- Novel Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19)
Incubation period - HCoV: 2-4 days
- SARS-CoV: 2-10 days (mean; 5 days)
- MERS-CoV: 2-14 days
- COVID-19: 4-7 days (up to 14 days)
Period of transmissibility - HCoV: during the active disease
- SARS-CoV: from onset to 21 days
- MERS-CoV: during illness. The duration of infectivity after resolution of symptoms is unknown.
- COVID-19: usually during illness
Reservoir - HCoV: Humans
- SARS-CoV: cave-dwelling bats (genus Rhinolophus), Himalayan masked palm civet (Paguma larvata), other wildlife animals
- MERS-CoV: may be camels and bats
Modes of transmission - HCoV: person-to-person transmission via repiratory droplets, aerosls, fecal oral route, fomites
- SARS-CoV: 1) Animal-to-person; 2) Person-to-person: while caring for, or living with a patient; via respiratory secretions, via body fluids; or airborne (aerosolized sewage, mechanical ventilation...)
- MERS-CoV: 1) Limited person-to-person transmission: close contact, when providing unprotected care to a patient; 2) Suspected animal-to-person transmission via droplet contact, fomite transmission, food-borne, airbone
- COVID-19: 1) Person-to-person: droplets (directly or indirectly), aerosol generating medical procedures, 2) Animal-to-peron
Clinical presentation - HCoV: usually self-limited illness as upper respiratory infection, otitis media, gastroenteritis. Complications: pneumonia, encephalitis, peritonitis...
- SARS-CoV: pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Global case fatality in 2003: 10%.
- MERS-CoV: usually, acute lower respiratory infection with or without gastrointestinal symptoms. It may be asymptomatic. The illness may be severe in people with chronic medical conditions. It may evolve to respiratory failure, organ failure (as renal failure), septic shock... Global case fatality: 27%.
- COVID-19: usually acute respiratory infection
Resources
Case definition - MOPH circular no. 35 (2012): SARS-CoV
- MOPH circular no. 37 (2014): MERS-CoV
- MOPH circular no. 42 (2020): COVID-19
Forms - General reporting form
- Novel Coronavirus reporting form
- Laboratory request form
- Patient transfert request form
- SARS-CoV investigation form
- MERS-CoV investigation form
Data - SARS-CoV: No SARS-CoV was detected in Lebanon in 2003
- MERS-CoV: 2 cases detected and confirmed in 2014 and 2017
- COVID-19: Daily report on COVID-19
Other Resources - Specimen collection for COVID-19
- Questions and Answers
- Presentation: coronavirus, A, E
- Presentation: resources, A, E
- Presentation: questions and answers, A, E
- Presentation: case definition, A, E
- Presentation: specimen collection, A, E
- Presentation: areas with community transmission, A, E
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ATC Name B/G Ingredients Dosage Form Price
N02BE51 EXTRA STRENGTH HEADACHE RELIEF G Acetaminophen - 250mg, Acetylsalicylic acid - 250mg, Caffeine - 65mg Tablet 353,431 L.L
D10AD53 EPIDUO B Adapalene - 0.1%, Benzoyl peroxide - 2.5% Gel 2,088,331 L.L
D10AD53 EPIDUO FORTE B Adapalene - 0.3%, Benzoyl peroxide - 2.5% Gel 2,201,214 L.L
S01LA05 EYLEA BioTech Aflibercept - 40mg/ml 40mg/ml Injectable solution 65,161,855 L.L
C09DB01 EXFORGE B Amlodipine - 10mg, Valsartan - 160mg Tablet, film coated 1,333,092 L.L
C09DB01 EXFORGE B Amlodipine - 5mg, Valsartan - 160mg Tablet, film coated 1,333,092 L.L
J02AX06 ECALTA B Anidulafungin - 100mg 100mg Injectable concentrated powder for solution 16,977,343 L.L
L02BB05 ERLEADA B Apalutamide - 60mg 60mg Tablet, film coated 240,536,690 L.L
L02BB05 ERLEADA B Apalutamide - 60mg 60mg Tablet, film coated 240,536,690 L.L
B01AF02 ELIQUIS B Apixaban - 2.5mg 2.5mg Tablet, film coated 4,183,603 L.L
B01AF02 ELIQUIS B Apixaban - 5mg 5mg Tablet, film coated 4,183,603 L.L
C10AA05 EMITOR G Atorvastatin - 20mg 20mg Tablet, film coated 822,432 L.L
C10AA05 EMITOR G Atorvastatin - 40mg 40mg Tablet, film coated 1,060,292 L.L
C09CA09 EDARBI B Azilsartan medoxomil - 40mg 40mg Tablet 1,846,440 L.L
C09DA09 EDARBYCLOR B Azilsartan medoxomil - 40mg, Chlortalidone - 12.5mg Tablet, film coated 1,846,440 L.L
C09DA09 EDARBYCLOR B Azilsartan medoxomil - 40mg, Chlortalidone - 25mg Tablet, film coated 1,846,440 L.L
C09CA09 EDARBI B Azilsartan medoxomil - 80mg 80mg Tablet 2,023,827 L.L
J01FA10 ERADECIN G Azithromycin - 250mg 250mg Capsule 354,774 L.L
G01AX ENTEROGERMINA B Bacillus clausii spores - 2 Billions Capsule 831,839 L.L
G01AX ENTEROGERMINA B Bacillus clausii spores - 2 Billions/5ml Suspension 1,131,515 L.L
G01AX ENTEROGERMINA B Bacillus clausii spores - 2 Billions/5ml Suspension 595,322 L.L
G01AX ENTEROGERMINA B Bacillus clausii spores - 6 Billions/2g 6 billions/2g Powder for suspension 1,493,009 L.L
G01AX ENTEROGERMINA B Bacillus clausii spores - 6 Billions/2g 6 billions/2g Powder for suspension 1,343,843 L.L
A07EA06 ENTOCORT CIR G Budesonide - 3mg 3mg Capsule, hard, modified release 7,823,588 L.L
A07EA06 ENTOCORT CIR G Budesonide - 3mg 3mg Capsule, hard, modified release 4,771,985 L.L
B05BB02 ELECTROLYE 67 G Calcium gluconate - 0.10g/100ml, Potassium chloride - 0.075g/100ml, Sodium chloride - 0.30g/100ml, Dextrose, H2O - 5.0g/100ml Injectable solution 165,727 L.L
L01FE01 ERBITUX BioTech Cetuximab - 100mg/20ml 100mg/20ml Injectable solution 22,721,577 L.L
L01FE01 ERBITUX BioTech Cetuximab - 100mg/20ml 100mg/20ml Injectable solution L.L
R05 EXALL FORTE G Chlorpheniramine maleate - 2.5mg, Guaifenesin - 100mg, Acetaminophen - 100mg, Diprophylline - 25mg Syrup 501,701 L.L
S01XA18 ESTAPORIN G Ciclosporin - 0.05% 0.05% Emulsion 2,815,798 L.L
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