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Coronavirus: invasive/novel

Generalities
Agent Coronaviruses belong to a large family of viruses that can cause diseases ranging from the common cold to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS).
1) Classical coronavirus: viruses that can infect humans and animals.
- Human coronavirus (HCoV): causing mild illness (229E, OC43, NL63, and HKU1...)
- Animal coronavirus: may infect pigs, domestic and wild birds, bats, rodents, dogs, cats and cattle. They cause acute and chronic diseases in animals such as respiratory and gastro-enteric diseases, neurologic diseases, and liver disease.
2) Novel coronavirus:
- Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS-CoV) who caused a large outbreak in 2002-2003.
- Middle East respiratory syndrome–Novel Coronavirus (MERS-CoV): first identified in 2012
- Novel Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19)
Incubation period - HCoV: 2-4 days
- SARS-CoV: 2-10 days (mean; 5 days)
- MERS-CoV: 2-14 days
- COVID-19: 4-7 days (up to 14 days)
Period of transmissibility - HCoV: during the active disease
- SARS-CoV: from onset to 21 days
- MERS-CoV: during illness. The duration of infectivity after resolution of symptoms is unknown.
- COVID-19: usually during illness
Reservoir - HCoV: Humans
- SARS-CoV: cave-dwelling bats (genus Rhinolophus), Himalayan masked palm civet (Paguma larvata), other wildlife animals
- MERS-CoV: may be camels and bats
Modes of transmission - HCoV: person-to-person transmission via repiratory droplets, aerosls, fecal oral route, fomites
- SARS-CoV: 1) Animal-to-person; 2) Person-to-person: while caring for, or living with a patient; via respiratory secretions, via body fluids; or airborne (aerosolized sewage, mechanical ventilation...)
- MERS-CoV: 1) Limited person-to-person transmission: close contact, when providing unprotected care to a patient; 2) Suspected animal-to-person transmission via droplet contact, fomite transmission, food-borne, airbone
- COVID-19: 1) Person-to-person: droplets (directly or indirectly), aerosol generating medical procedures, 2) Animal-to-peron
Clinical presentation - HCoV: usually self-limited illness as upper respiratory infection, otitis media, gastroenteritis. Complications: pneumonia, encephalitis, peritonitis...
- SARS-CoV: pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Global case fatality in 2003: 10%.
- MERS-CoV: usually, acute lower respiratory infection with or without gastrointestinal symptoms. It may be asymptomatic. The illness may be severe in people with chronic medical conditions. It may evolve to respiratory failure, organ failure (as renal failure), septic shock... Global case fatality: 27%.
- COVID-19: usually acute respiratory infection
Resources
Case definition - MOPH circular no. 35 (2012): SARS-CoV
- MOPH circular no. 37 (2014): MERS-CoV
- MOPH circular no. 42 (2020): COVID-19
Forms - General reporting form
- Novel Coronavirus reporting form
- Laboratory request form
- Patient transfert request form
- SARS-CoV investigation form
- MERS-CoV investigation form
Data - SARS-CoV: No SARS-CoV was detected in Lebanon in 2003
- MERS-CoV: 2 cases detected and confirmed in 2014 and 2017
- COVID-19: Daily report on COVID-19
Other Resources - Specimen collection for COVID-19
- Questions and Answers
- Presentation: coronavirus, A, E
- Presentation: resources, A, E
- Presentation: questions and answers, A, E
- Presentation: case definition, A, E
- Presentation: specimen collection, A, E
- Presentation: areas with community transmission, A, E
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ATC Name B/G Ingredients Dosage Form Price
B03AB05 ENRICH N G Iron trivalent (hydroxide polymaltose complex) - 50mg/ml 50mg/ml Drops 459,594 L.L
L04AB01 ETANERREL BioTech Etanercept - 50mg/ml 50mg/ml Injectable solution 9,756,719 L.L
L04AX03 EBETREXAT G Methotrexate - 5mg 5mg Tablet, scored 1,347,874 L.L
L01EG02 EVEROLIMUS ARROW G Everolimus - 5mg 5mg Tablet L.L
L01EG02 EVEROLIMUS BIOGARAN G Everolimus - 5mg 5mg Tablet L.L
R06AX27 ESLORAT G Desloratadine - 5mg 5mg Tablet, film coated 331,929 L.L
L01EG02 EVEROLIMUS BIOGARAN G Everolimus - 5mg 5mg Tablet 89,386,347 L.L
L01EG02 EVEROLIMUS ARROW G Everolimus - 5mg 5mg Tablet 66,619,921 L.L
G04BE08 ENKOR G Tadalafil - 5mg 5mg Tablet, film coated 1,766,193 L.L
B01AF02 ELIQUIS B Apixaban - 5mg 5mg Tablet, film coated 4,183,603 L.L
G01AX ENTEROGERMINA B Bacillus clausii spores - 6 Billions/2g 6 billions/2g Powder for suspension 1,493,009 L.L
G01AX ENTEROGERMINA B Bacillus clausii spores - 6 Billions/2g 6 billions/2g Powder for suspension 1,343,843 L.L
B01AB05 ENOXA MEDIS BioTech Enoxaparin sodium - 6,000U Anti-Xa/0.6ml 6,000U Anti-Xa/0.6ml Injectable solution 765,990 L.L
B01AB05 ENOXAMED BioTech Enoxaparin sodium - 6000IU Anti-XA/0.6ml 6000IU Anti-XA/0.6ml Injectable solution 765,990 L.L
B01AB05 ENOXAMED BioTech Enoxaparin sodium - 6000IU Anti-XA/0.6ml 6000IU Anti-XA/0.6ml Injectable solution 3,637,782 L.L
B01AB05 ENOMEX BioTech Enoxaparin sodium - 6000U Anti-Xa/0.6ml 6000U Anti-Xa/0.6ml Injectable solution 1,538,380 L.L
B01AB05 ENOXAPARIN LEDRAXEN BioTech Enoxaparin sodium - 6000UI (60mg)/0.6ml 6000UI (60mg)/0.6ml Injectable solution 854,684 L.L
L02BB05 ERLEADA B Apalutamide - 60mg 60mg Tablet, film coated 240,536,690 L.L
L02BB05 ERLEADA B Apalutamide - 60mg 60mg Tablet, film coated 240,536,690 L.L
G03XC01 EVA TABLET G Raloxifene HCl - 60mg 60mg Tablet 1,354,081 L.L
M01AH05 ETOXIB G Etoricoxib - 60mg 60mg Tablet, film coated 1,217,521 L.L
M01AH05 ETOXA G Etoricoxib - 60mg 60mg Tablet, film coated 1,109,630 L.L
M01AH05 ETOXA G Etoricoxib - 60mg 60mg Tablet, film coated 369,877 L.L
L01EA02 ELPIDA G Dasatinib - 70mg 70mg Tablet, film coated 127,364,905 L.L
N06AX16 EFEXOR XR B Venlafaxine (HCl) - 75mg 75mg Capsule, sustained release 732,394 L.L
B01AB05 ENOXA MEDIS BioTech Enoxaparin sodium - 8,000U Anti-Xa/0.8ml 8,000U Anti-Xa/0.8ml Injectable solution 963,535 L.L
B01AB05 ENOXAMED BioTech Enoxaparin sodium - 8000IU Anti-XA/0.8ml 8000IU Anti-XA/0.8ml Injectable solution 963,535 L.L
B01AB05 ENOXAMED BioTech Enoxaparin sodium - 8000IU Anti-XA/0.8ml 8000IU Anti-XA/0.8ml Injectable solution 4,575,784 L.L
B01AB05 ENOMEX BioTech Enoxaparin sodium - 8000U Anti-Xa/0.8ml 8000U Anti-Xa/0.8ml Injectable solution 1,708,600 L.L
C09CA09 EDARBI B Azilsartan medoxomil - 80mg 80mg Tablet 2,023,827 L.L
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