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Coronavirus: invasive/novel

Generalities
Agent Coronaviruses belong to a large family of viruses that can cause diseases ranging from the common cold to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS).
1) Classical coronavirus: viruses that can infect humans and animals.
- Human coronavirus (HCoV): causing mild illness (229E, OC43, NL63, and HKU1...)
- Animal coronavirus: may infect pigs, domestic and wild birds, bats, rodents, dogs, cats and cattle. They cause acute and chronic diseases in animals such as respiratory and gastro-enteric diseases, neurologic diseases, and liver disease.
2) Novel coronavirus:
- Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS-CoV) who caused a large outbreak in 2002-2003.
- Middle East respiratory syndrome–Novel Coronavirus (MERS-CoV): first identified in 2012
- Novel Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19)
Incubation period - HCoV: 2-4 days
- SARS-CoV: 2-10 days (mean; 5 days)
- MERS-CoV: 2-14 days
- COVID-19: 4-7 days (up to 14 days)
Period of transmissibility - HCoV: during the active disease
- SARS-CoV: from onset to 21 days
- MERS-CoV: during illness. The duration of infectivity after resolution of symptoms is unknown.
- COVID-19: usually during illness
Reservoir - HCoV: Humans
- SARS-CoV: cave-dwelling bats (genus Rhinolophus), Himalayan masked palm civet (Paguma larvata), other wildlife animals
- MERS-CoV: may be camels and bats
Modes of transmission - HCoV: person-to-person transmission via repiratory droplets, aerosls, fecal oral route, fomites
- SARS-CoV: 1) Animal-to-person; 2) Person-to-person: while caring for, or living with a patient; via respiratory secretions, via body fluids; or airborne (aerosolized sewage, mechanical ventilation...)
- MERS-CoV: 1) Limited person-to-person transmission: close contact, when providing unprotected care to a patient; 2) Suspected animal-to-person transmission via droplet contact, fomite transmission, food-borne, airbone
- COVID-19: 1) Person-to-person: droplets (directly or indirectly), aerosol generating medical procedures, 2) Animal-to-peron
Clinical presentation - HCoV: usually self-limited illness as upper respiratory infection, otitis media, gastroenteritis. Complications: pneumonia, encephalitis, peritonitis...
- SARS-CoV: pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Global case fatality in 2003: 10%.
- MERS-CoV: usually, acute lower respiratory infection with or without gastrointestinal symptoms. It may be asymptomatic. The illness may be severe in people with chronic medical conditions. It may evolve to respiratory failure, organ failure (as renal failure), septic shock... Global case fatality: 27%.
- COVID-19: usually acute respiratory infection
Resources
Case definition - MOPH circular no. 35 (2012): SARS-CoV
- MOPH circular no. 37 (2014): MERS-CoV
- MOPH circular no. 42 (2020): COVID-19
Forms - General reporting form
- Novel Coronavirus reporting form
- Laboratory request form
- Patient transfert request form
- SARS-CoV investigation form
- MERS-CoV investigation form
Data - SARS-CoV: No SARS-CoV was detected in Lebanon in 2003
- MERS-CoV: 2 cases detected and confirmed in 2014 and 2017
- COVID-19: Daily report on COVID-19
Other Resources - Specimen collection for COVID-19
- Questions and Answers
- Presentation: coronavirus, A, E
- Presentation: resources, A, E
- Presentation: questions and answers, A, E
- Presentation: case definition, A, E
- Presentation: specimen collection, A, E
- Presentation: areas with community transmission, A, E
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ATC Name B/G Ingredients Dosage Form Price
A02BD08 PYLERA B Bismuth subcitrate potassium - 140mg, Tetracycline HCl - 125mg, Metronidazole - 125mg Capsule 6,156,142 L.L
G03DA04 UTROGESTAN B Progesterone micronised natural - 100mg 100mg Capsule 525,442 L.L
G03DA04 UTROGESTAN B Progesterone micronised natural - 200mg 200mg Capsule 587,259 L.L
L01EX01 SUTENT B Sunitinib maleate - 12.5mg 12.5mg Capsule L.L
C08CA01 AMLOR B Amlodipine besylate - 5mg 5mg Capsule 560,382 L.L
G03DA04 UTROGESTAN B Progesterone micronised natural - 200mg 200mg Capsule 587,259 L.L
L01EX01 SUTENT B Sunitinib maleate - 50mg 50mg Capsule L.L
C08CA01 AMLOR B Amlodipine besylate - 5mg 5mg Capsule 560,382 L.L
G03DA04 UTROGESTAN B Progesterone micronised natural - 200mg 200mg Capsule 587,259 L.L
C08CA01 LOWRAC 5 G Amlodipine (besylate) - 5mg 5mg Capsule 362,837 L.L
C08CA01 HYPODIPINE 5 G Amlodipine (besylate) - 5mg 5mg Capsule 362,837 L.L
J01AA02 DOXYLAG G Doxycycline (HCl) - 100mg 100mg Capsule 174,700 L.L
C08CA01 AMLOPHAR G Amlodipine (besylate) - 5mg 5mg Capsule 388,370 L.L
C08CA01 AMLODAR 5 G Amlodipine (besylate) - 5mg 5mg Capsule 362,837 L.L
A03AA04 DUSPATALIN RETARD B Mebeverine HCl - 200mg 200mg Capsule 815,518 L.L
C08CA01 LOTENSE G Amlodipine (besylate) - 5mg 5mg Capsule 388,370 L.L
N06AA12 DOXEPIN HCl G Doxepin (HCl) - 10mg 10mg Capsule 712,876 L.L
C08CA01 AMOPRO G Amlodipine (besylate) - 5mg 5mg Capsule 362,837 L.L
N06AA12 DOXEPIN HCl G Doxepin (HCl) - 50mg 50mg Capsule 965,007 L.L
J01AA02 RETADOX G Doxycycline (hyclate) - 100mg 100mg Capsule 209,895 L.L
C08CA01 AMLODIPINE ARROW G Amlodipine (besylate) - 5mg 5mg Capsule 462,282 L.L
J01AA04 TETRALYSAL B Lymecycline - 300mg 300mg Capsule 796,899 L.L
N03AX16 LYRICA B Pregabalin - 150mg 150mg Capsule 3,041,116 L.L
J01AA07 TETRACYCLINE G Tetracycline HCl - 250mg 250mg Capsule 3,906,998 L.L
N03AX16 PLENICA G Pregabalin - 150mg 150mg Capsule 997,131 L.L
C08CA01 AMLODIPINE BIOGARAN G Amlodipine (besylate) - 5mg 5mg Capsule 462,282 L.L
J01AA07 TETRACYCLINE G Tetracycline HCl - 250mg 250mg Capsule 1,247,086 L.L
J05AH02 TAMIFLU B Oseltamivir (phosphate) - 75mg 75mg Capsule 1,464,788 L.L
N03AX16 NERVAX G Pregabalin - 150mg 150mg Capsule 1,955,291 L.L
N06AB03 PMS-FLUOXETINE G Fluoxetine (HCl) - 20mg 20mg Capsule 592,635 L.L
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