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Coronavirus: invasive/novel

Generalities
Agent Coronaviruses belong to a large family of viruses that can cause diseases ranging from the common cold to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS).
1) Classical coronavirus: viruses that can infect humans and animals.
- Human coronavirus (HCoV): causing mild illness (229E, OC43, NL63, and HKU1...)
- Animal coronavirus: may infect pigs, domestic and wild birds, bats, rodents, dogs, cats and cattle. They cause acute and chronic diseases in animals such as respiratory and gastro-enteric diseases, neurologic diseases, and liver disease.
2) Novel coronavirus:
- Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS-CoV) who caused a large outbreak in 2002-2003.
- Middle East respiratory syndrome–Novel Coronavirus (MERS-CoV): first identified in 2012
- Novel Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19)
Incubation period - HCoV: 2-4 days
- SARS-CoV: 2-10 days (mean; 5 days)
- MERS-CoV: 2-14 days
- COVID-19: 4-7 days (up to 14 days)
Period of transmissibility - HCoV: during the active disease
- SARS-CoV: from onset to 21 days
- MERS-CoV: during illness. The duration of infectivity after resolution of symptoms is unknown.
- COVID-19: usually during illness
Reservoir - HCoV: Humans
- SARS-CoV: cave-dwelling bats (genus Rhinolophus), Himalayan masked palm civet (Paguma larvata), other wildlife animals
- MERS-CoV: may be camels and bats
Modes of transmission - HCoV: person-to-person transmission via repiratory droplets, aerosls, fecal oral route, fomites
- SARS-CoV: 1) Animal-to-person; 2) Person-to-person: while caring for, or living with a patient; via respiratory secretions, via body fluids; or airborne (aerosolized sewage, mechanical ventilation...)
- MERS-CoV: 1) Limited person-to-person transmission: close contact, when providing unprotected care to a patient; 2) Suspected animal-to-person transmission via droplet contact, fomite transmission, food-borne, airbone
- COVID-19: 1) Person-to-person: droplets (directly or indirectly), aerosol generating medical procedures, 2) Animal-to-peron
Clinical presentation - HCoV: usually self-limited illness as upper respiratory infection, otitis media, gastroenteritis. Complications: pneumonia, encephalitis, peritonitis...
- SARS-CoV: pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Global case fatality in 2003: 10%.
- MERS-CoV: usually, acute lower respiratory infection with or without gastrointestinal symptoms. It may be asymptomatic. The illness may be severe in people with chronic medical conditions. It may evolve to respiratory failure, organ failure (as renal failure), septic shock... Global case fatality: 27%.
- COVID-19: usually acute respiratory infection
Resources
Case definition - MOPH circular no. 35 (2012): SARS-CoV
- MOPH circular no. 37 (2014): MERS-CoV
- MOPH circular no. 42 (2020): COVID-19
Forms - General reporting form
- Novel Coronavirus reporting form
- Laboratory request form
- Patient transfert request form
- SARS-CoV investigation form
- MERS-CoV investigation form
Data - SARS-CoV: No SARS-CoV was detected in Lebanon in 2003
- MERS-CoV: 2 cases detected and confirmed in 2014 and 2017
- COVID-19: Daily report on COVID-19
Other Resources - Specimen collection for COVID-19
- Questions and Answers
- Presentation: coronavirus, A, E
- Presentation: resources, A, E
- Presentation: questions and answers, A, E
- Presentation: case definition, A, E
- Presentation: specimen collection, A, E
- Presentation: areas with community transmission, A, E
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ATC Name B/G Ingredients Dosage Form Price
C01CA03 EPINORD G Noradrenaline (tartrate) - 8mg/4ml 8mg/4ml Injectable solution 2,751,678 L.L
D01AE22 EXODERIL B Naftifine HCl - 10ml/ml 1% Solution 159,917 L.L
D01AE22 EXODERIL B Naftifine HCl - 10mg/g 1% Cream 345,368 L.L
R05CB01 EXOMUC B N-acetylcysteine - 200mg 200mg Granules for solution 588,603 L.L
J01MA14 EVAFLOX G Moxifloxacin (HCl) - 400mg 400mg Tablet, film coated 669,234 L.L
D07AC13 ELICA G Mometasone furoate micronized - 1mg/g 0.1% Ointment 399,121 L.L
D07XC03 ELICASAL G Mometasone furoate - 1mg/g, Salicylic acid - 50mg/g Ointment 462,282 L.L
D07AC13 ELICA G Mometasone furoate - 1mg/g 0.1% Cream 341,336 L.L
D07AC13 ELOCOM B Mometasone furoate - 1mg/g 0.1% Lotion 282,207 L.L
D07XC03 ELICA M G Mometasone furoate - 0.1%, Miconazole nitrate - 2% Cream 459,594 L.L
D07AC13 ELISONE G Mometasone furoate - 0.1% 0.1% Cream 249,955 L.L
D07AC13 ELISONE G Mometasone furoate - 0.1% 0.1% Cream 435,405 L.L
A03FA01 ELITAN G Metoclopramide HCl - 10mg/2ml 10mg/2ml Injectable solution 252,642 L.L
L04AX03 EBETREXAT G Methotrexate - 5mg 5mg Tablet, scored 1,347,874 L.L
L01BA01 EBETREXAT G Methotrexate - 50mg/5ml 50mg/5ml Injectable solution 1,507,821 L.L
L04AX03 EBETREXAT G Methotrexate - 15mg/1.5ml 15mg/1.5ml Injectable solution 2,135,366 L.L
A10BD20 EMPAZIMET G Metformin HCl - 1000mg, Empagliflozin - 5mg Tablet, film coated 1,840,168 L.L
A10BD20 EMPAZIMET G Metformin HCl - 1000mg, Empagliflozin - 12.5mg Tablet, film coated 1,840,168 L.L
N06DX01 EBIXA B Memantine HCl - 10mg 10mg Tablet, film coated 2,143,429 L.L
N06DX01 EXENTA G Memantine HCl - 10mg 10mg Tablet, film coated 1,057,156 L.L
N06DX01 EBIXA B Memantine - 20mg 20mg Tablet, film coated 4,004,651 L.L
A06AD04 EPSOM SALT G Magnesium sulfate - 40g 40g Granules 89,590 L.L
H03AA01 EUTHYROX B Levothyroxine sodium - 50mcg 50mcg Tablet, scored 391,058 L.L
H03AA01 EUTHYROX B Levothyroxine sodium - 25mcg 25mcg Tablet, scored 256,674 L.L
H03AA01 EUTHYROX B Levothyroxine sodium - 150mcg 150mcg Tablet, scored 615,480 L.L
H03AA01 ELTROXIN B Levothyroxine sodium - 100mcg 100mcg Tablet, scored 440,780 L.L
H03AA01 EUTHYROX B Levothyroxine sodium - 100mcg 100mcg Tablet, scored 452,875 L.L
J01MA12 EVOXIL HELLAS G Levofloxacin - 500mg/100ml 500mg/100ml Injectable solution 959,504 L.L
B03AB05 ENRICH N G Iron trivalent (hydroxide polymaltose complex) - 50mg/ml 50mg/ml Drops 459,594 L.L
B03AB ENRICH N G Iron trivalent (hydroxide polymaltose complex) - 156.25mg/5ml Syrup 279,519 L.L
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