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Coronavirus: invasive/novel

Generalities
Agent Coronaviruses belong to a large family of viruses that can cause diseases ranging from the common cold to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS).
1) Classical coronavirus: viruses that can infect humans and animals.
- Human coronavirus (HCoV): causing mild illness (229E, OC43, NL63, and HKU1...)
- Animal coronavirus: may infect pigs, domestic and wild birds, bats, rodents, dogs, cats and cattle. They cause acute and chronic diseases in animals such as respiratory and gastro-enteric diseases, neurologic diseases, and liver disease.
2) Novel coronavirus:
- Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS-CoV) who caused a large outbreak in 2002-2003.
- Middle East respiratory syndrome–Novel Coronavirus (MERS-CoV): first identified in 2012
- Novel Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19)
Incubation period - HCoV: 2-4 days
- SARS-CoV: 2-10 days (mean; 5 days)
- MERS-CoV: 2-14 days
- COVID-19: 4-7 days (up to 14 days)
Period of transmissibility - HCoV: during the active disease
- SARS-CoV: from onset to 21 days
- MERS-CoV: during illness. The duration of infectivity after resolution of symptoms is unknown.
- COVID-19: usually during illness
Reservoir - HCoV: Humans
- SARS-CoV: cave-dwelling bats (genus Rhinolophus), Himalayan masked palm civet (Paguma larvata), other wildlife animals
- MERS-CoV: may be camels and bats
Modes of transmission - HCoV: person-to-person transmission via repiratory droplets, aerosls, fecal oral route, fomites
- SARS-CoV: 1) Animal-to-person; 2) Person-to-person: while caring for, or living with a patient; via respiratory secretions, via body fluids; or airborne (aerosolized sewage, mechanical ventilation...)
- MERS-CoV: 1) Limited person-to-person transmission: close contact, when providing unprotected care to a patient; 2) Suspected animal-to-person transmission via droplet contact, fomite transmission, food-borne, airbone
- COVID-19: 1) Person-to-person: droplets (directly or indirectly), aerosol generating medical procedures, 2) Animal-to-peron
Clinical presentation - HCoV: usually self-limited illness as upper respiratory infection, otitis media, gastroenteritis. Complications: pneumonia, encephalitis, peritonitis...
- SARS-CoV: pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Global case fatality in 2003: 10%.
- MERS-CoV: usually, acute lower respiratory infection with or without gastrointestinal symptoms. It may be asymptomatic. The illness may be severe in people with chronic medical conditions. It may evolve to respiratory failure, organ failure (as renal failure), septic shock... Global case fatality: 27%.
- COVID-19: usually acute respiratory infection
Resources
Case definition - MOPH circular no. 35 (2012): SARS-CoV
- MOPH circular no. 37 (2014): MERS-CoV
- MOPH circular no. 42 (2020): COVID-19
Forms - General reporting form
- Novel Coronavirus reporting form
- Laboratory request form
- Patient transfert request form
- SARS-CoV investigation form
- MERS-CoV investigation form
Data - SARS-CoV: No SARS-CoV was detected in Lebanon in 2003
- MERS-CoV: 2 cases detected and confirmed in 2014 and 2017
- COVID-19: Daily report on COVID-19
Other Resources - Specimen collection for COVID-19
- Questions and Answers
- Presentation: coronavirus, A, E
- Presentation: resources, A, E
- Presentation: questions and answers, A, E
- Presentation: case definition, A, E
- Presentation: specimen collection, A, E
- Presentation: areas with community transmission, A, E
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ATC Name B/G Ingredients Dosage Form Price
A02BC05 NEXIUM B Esomeprazole (magnesium trihydrate) - 10mg 10mg Granules, gastroresistant, for suspension 1,721,462 L.L
C07AB07 CONCOR B Bisoprolol fumarate - 10mg 10mg Tablet, film coated 1,131,843 L.L
C09DA04 CO APROVEL B Irbesartan - 300mg, Hydrochlorothiazide - 12.5mg Tablet, film coated 658,483 L.L
M04AA01 ZYLORIC B Allopurinol - 100mg 100mg Tablet 278,175 L.L
N05AX08 RISPERDAL B Risperidone - 1mg/ml 1mg/ml Solution 1,377,439 L.L
A02BC06 DEXILANT B Dexlansoprazole - 30mg 30mg Capsule, delayed release 1,595,141 L.L
C09DA04 CO APROVEL B Irbesartan - 300mg, Hydrochlorothiazide - 12.5mg Tablet, film coated 658,483 L.L
A02BC06 DEXILANT B Dexlansoprazole - 60mg 60mg Capsule, delayed release 2,375,914 L.L
C10BA05 ATOZET B Atorvastatin - 40mg, Ezetimibe - 10mg Tablet, film coated 2,046,672 L.L
L01BC07 VIDAZA B Azacitidine - 100mg 100mg Injectable lyophilised powder 15,158,791 L.L
L04AX04 REVLIMID B Lenalidomide - 5mg 5mg Capsule 105,106,076 L.L
N07AA02 MESTINON B Pyridostigmine bromide - 60mg 60mg Tablet, sugar coated 3,090,838 L.L
A02BC07 DEXPURE B Dexrabeprazole sodium - 10mg 10mg Tablet, enteric coated 517,379 L.L
A11EA BECOZYME B Vitamin B5 - 6mg/2ml, Vitamin B6 - 4mg/2ml, Vitamin PP - 40mg/2ml, Vitamin B2 - 5.47mg/2ml, Vitamin B1 - 10mg/2ml Injectable solution 662,514 L.L
J01DD08 SUPRAX B Cefixime (trihydrate) - 200mg 200mg Capsule 1,067,011 L.L
M04AA01 ZYLORIC B Allopurinol - 300mg 300mg Tablet 302,365 L.L
N05AX08 RISPERDAL B Risperidone - 2mg 2mg Tablet, film coated 306,396 L.L
S01HA02 ANESTOCIL B Oxybuprocaine HCl (Benoxinate HCl) - 0.4% 0.4% Drops solution 442,124 L.L
A02BD08 PYLERA B Bismuth subcitrate potassium - 140mg, Tetracycline HCl - 125mg, Metronidazole - 125mg Capsule 6,156,142 L.L
C10BA06 LIPOCOMB B Rosuvastatin (calcium) - 10mg, Ezetimibe - 10mg Capsule, hard 2,701,123 L.L
H02AB02 DECADRON B Dexamethasone - 0.5mg 0.5mg Tablet, scored 378,240 L.L
J01DD08 SUPRAX B Cefixime (trihydrate) - 200mg 200mg Capsule 1,067,011 L.L
N03AA02 GARDENAL B Phenobarbital - 100mg 100mg Tablet 120,946 L.L
N05AX08 RISPERDAL B Risperidone - 2mg 2mg Tablet, film coated 306,396 L.L
A10BA02 GLUCOPHAGE B Metformin HCl - 850mg 850mg Tablet, film coated 550,821 L.L
C10BA06 ZYMPASS B Rosuvastatin (calcium) - 10mg, Ezetimibe - 10mg Tablet, film coated 2,138,053 L.L
G01AF12 LOMEXIN B Fenticonazole nitrate - 200mg 200mg Ovule 779,490 L.L
N03AB02 EPANUTIN B Phenytoin sodium - 100mg 100mg Capsule 739,113 L.L
A02BX13 GAVISCON B Sodium alginate - 500mg/10ml, Sodium bicarbonate - 267mg/10ml, Calcium (carbonate) - 160mg/10ml Liquid 295,645 L.L
C10BA06 LIPOCOMB B Rosuvastatin (calcium) - 20mg, Ezetimibe - 10mg Capsule, hard 2,701,123 L.L
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