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Coronavirus: invasive/novel

Generalities
Agent Coronaviruses belong to a large family of viruses that can cause diseases ranging from the common cold to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS).
1) Classical coronavirus: viruses that can infect humans and animals.
- Human coronavirus (HCoV): causing mild illness (229E, OC43, NL63, and HKU1...)
- Animal coronavirus: may infect pigs, domestic and wild birds, bats, rodents, dogs, cats and cattle. They cause acute and chronic diseases in animals such as respiratory and gastro-enteric diseases, neurologic diseases, and liver disease.
2) Novel coronavirus:
- Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS-CoV) who caused a large outbreak in 2002-2003.
- Middle East respiratory syndrome–Novel Coronavirus (MERS-CoV): first identified in 2012
- Novel Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19)
Incubation period - HCoV: 2-4 days
- SARS-CoV: 2-10 days (mean; 5 days)
- MERS-CoV: 2-14 days
- COVID-19: 4-7 days (up to 14 days)
Period of transmissibility - HCoV: during the active disease
- SARS-CoV: from onset to 21 days
- MERS-CoV: during illness. The duration of infectivity after resolution of symptoms is unknown.
- COVID-19: usually during illness
Reservoir - HCoV: Humans
- SARS-CoV: cave-dwelling bats (genus Rhinolophus), Himalayan masked palm civet (Paguma larvata), other wildlife animals
- MERS-CoV: may be camels and bats
Modes of transmission - HCoV: person-to-person transmission via repiratory droplets, aerosls, fecal oral route, fomites
- SARS-CoV: 1) Animal-to-person; 2) Person-to-person: while caring for, or living with a patient; via respiratory secretions, via body fluids; or airborne (aerosolized sewage, mechanical ventilation...)
- MERS-CoV: 1) Limited person-to-person transmission: close contact, when providing unprotected care to a patient; 2) Suspected animal-to-person transmission via droplet contact, fomite transmission, food-borne, airbone
- COVID-19: 1) Person-to-person: droplets (directly or indirectly), aerosol generating medical procedures, 2) Animal-to-peron
Clinical presentation - HCoV: usually self-limited illness as upper respiratory infection, otitis media, gastroenteritis. Complications: pneumonia, encephalitis, peritonitis...
- SARS-CoV: pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Global case fatality in 2003: 10%.
- MERS-CoV: usually, acute lower respiratory infection with or without gastrointestinal symptoms. It may be asymptomatic. The illness may be severe in people with chronic medical conditions. It may evolve to respiratory failure, organ failure (as renal failure), septic shock... Global case fatality: 27%.
- COVID-19: usually acute respiratory infection
Resources
Case definition - MOPH circular no. 35 (2012): SARS-CoV
- MOPH circular no. 37 (2014): MERS-CoV
- MOPH circular no. 42 (2020): COVID-19
Forms - General reporting form
- Novel Coronavirus reporting form
- Laboratory request form
- Patient transfert request form
- SARS-CoV investigation form
- MERS-CoV investigation form
Data - SARS-CoV: No SARS-CoV was detected in Lebanon in 2003
- MERS-CoV: 2 cases detected and confirmed in 2014 and 2017
- COVID-19: Daily report on COVID-19
Other Resources - Specimen collection for COVID-19
- Questions and Answers
- Presentation: coronavirus, A, E
- Presentation: resources, A, E
- Presentation: questions and answers, A, E
- Presentation: case definition, A, E
- Presentation: specimen collection, A, E
- Presentation: areas with community transmission, A, E
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ATC Name B/G Ingredients Dosage Form Price
A02BC01 OMEPRAZOLE PHARMADEX G Omeprazole - 20mg 20mg Capsule 415,951 L.L
A07EA02 HEMORRANE G Hydrocortisone acetate - 10mg/g 10mg/g Ointment 710,893 L.L
B05CX01 5% DEXTROSE INJECTION USP G Glucose - 5% 5% Injectable solution 191,913 L.L
C03CA01 BIOLASOMIDE G Furosemide - 40mg 40mg Tablet 181,419 L.L
C09CA01 LOSARTAN BIOGARAN G Losartan potassium - 100mg 100mg Tablet, coated 439,436 L.L
C10AA05 TORVACOL 20 G Atorvastatin (calcium) - 20mg 20mg Tablet, coated 1,128,828 L.L
D07CC01 BETAFUCIN G Fusidic acid - 20mg/g, Betamethasone valerate - 1mg/1g Cream 210,983 L.L
J01CR02 CURAM G Amoxicillin (trihydrate) - 875mg, Clavulanic Acid (potassium) - 125mg 1g Tablet, film coated 520,619 L.L
J01MA02 CIPROFAR G Ciprofloxacine (HCl) - 500mg 500mg Tablet, film-scored 241,892 L.L
L01EF01 PALBOMED G Palbociclib - 100mg 100mg Capsule 23,911,751 L.L
M01AE01 DOLORAZ 400 G Ibuprofen - 400mg 400mg Capsule 295,645 L.L
N03AX16 PREGAFORTE 75 G Pregabalin - 75mg 75mg Capsule 793,507 L.L
N06AB05 DEPROX G Paroxetine (HCl) - 40mg 40mg Tablet 2,909,099 L.L
R01AD11 RINEX G Triamcinolone acetonide - 55mcg/actuation 55mcg/actuation Spray, suspension 712,876 L.L
R06AX13 APOTHECARE LORATADINE G Loratadine - 10mg 10mg Tablet 495,878 L.L
J05AF10 ENTECAVIR ARROW G Entecavir - 0.5mg 0.5mg Tablet, coated L.L
A02BC01 OMEPRAZOLE PHARMADEX G Omeprazole - 20mg 20mg Capsule 15,757,784 L.L
B05CX01 5% DEXTROSE INJECTION USP G Glucose - 5% 5% Injectable solution 191,913 L.L
C03CA01 DIURESAL G Furosemide - 40mg 40mg Tablet, scored 118,258 L.L
C10AA05 TORVALIP 20 G Atorvastatin (calcium) - 20mg 20mg Tablet, film coated 972,686 L.L
D07CC01 TOPIZONE G Fusidic acid - 20mg/g, Betamethasone (valerate) - 1mg/g Cream 216,359 L.L
G04BE08 APO-TADALAFIL G Tadalafil - 20mg 20mg Tablet 1,111,358 L.L
J01CR02 JULMENTIN 2X G Amoxicillin (trihydrate) - 875mg, Clavulanic Acid (potassium) - 125mg 1g Tablet 401,809 L.L
J01MA02 CIPROLON 500 G Ciprofloxacine (HCl) - 500mg 500mg Tablet, film coated 295,645 L.L
L01EF01 PALBRANCE 100 G Palbociclib - 100mg 100mg Capsule 168,011,222 L.L
M01AE01 IBUPROFEN B. BRAUN G Ibuprofen - 400mg/100ml 400mg/100ml Injectable solution 231,141 L.L
N02AF02 NALBUPHINE RENAUDIN 1% G Nalbuphine HCl - 20mg/2ml 20mg/2ml Injectable solution 1,181,238 L.L
N03AX16 PREGASTAR G Pregabalin - 75mg 75mg Capsule, hard 628,482 L.L
R06AX13 CLARA G Loratadine (micronised) - 10mg 10mg Tablet 131,697 L.L
L01EB01 GEFITINIB ARROW G Gefitinib - 250mg 250mg Tablet, coated L.L
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