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Coronavirus: invasive/novel

Generalities
Agent Coronaviruses belong to a large family of viruses that can cause diseases ranging from the common cold to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS).
1) Classical coronavirus: viruses that can infect humans and animals.
- Human coronavirus (HCoV): causing mild illness (229E, OC43, NL63, and HKU1...)
- Animal coronavirus: may infect pigs, domestic and wild birds, bats, rodents, dogs, cats and cattle. They cause acute and chronic diseases in animals such as respiratory and gastro-enteric diseases, neurologic diseases, and liver disease.
2) Novel coronavirus:
- Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS-CoV) who caused a large outbreak in 2002-2003.
- Middle East respiratory syndrome–Novel Coronavirus (MERS-CoV): first identified in 2012
- Novel Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19)
Incubation period - HCoV: 2-4 days
- SARS-CoV: 2-10 days (mean; 5 days)
- MERS-CoV: 2-14 days
- COVID-19: 4-7 days (up to 14 days)
Period of transmissibility - HCoV: during the active disease
- SARS-CoV: from onset to 21 days
- MERS-CoV: during illness. The duration of infectivity after resolution of symptoms is unknown.
- COVID-19: usually during illness
Reservoir - HCoV: Humans
- SARS-CoV: cave-dwelling bats (genus Rhinolophus), Himalayan masked palm civet (Paguma larvata), other wildlife animals
- MERS-CoV: may be camels and bats
Modes of transmission - HCoV: person-to-person transmission via repiratory droplets, aerosls, fecal oral route, fomites
- SARS-CoV: 1) Animal-to-person; 2) Person-to-person: while caring for, or living with a patient; via respiratory secretions, via body fluids; or airborne (aerosolized sewage, mechanical ventilation...)
- MERS-CoV: 1) Limited person-to-person transmission: close contact, when providing unprotected care to a patient; 2) Suspected animal-to-person transmission via droplet contact, fomite transmission, food-borne, airbone
- COVID-19: 1) Person-to-person: droplets (directly or indirectly), aerosol generating medical procedures, 2) Animal-to-peron
Clinical presentation - HCoV: usually self-limited illness as upper respiratory infection, otitis media, gastroenteritis. Complications: pneumonia, encephalitis, peritonitis...
- SARS-CoV: pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Global case fatality in 2003: 10%.
- MERS-CoV: usually, acute lower respiratory infection with or without gastrointestinal symptoms. It may be asymptomatic. The illness may be severe in people with chronic medical conditions. It may evolve to respiratory failure, organ failure (as renal failure), septic shock... Global case fatality: 27%.
- COVID-19: usually acute respiratory infection
Resources
Case definition - MOPH circular no. 35 (2012): SARS-CoV
- MOPH circular no. 37 (2014): MERS-CoV
- MOPH circular no. 42 (2020): COVID-19
Forms - General reporting form
- Novel Coronavirus reporting form
- Laboratory request form
- Patient transfert request form
- SARS-CoV investigation form
- MERS-CoV investigation form
Data - SARS-CoV: No SARS-CoV was detected in Lebanon in 2003
- MERS-CoV: 2 cases detected and confirmed in 2014 and 2017
- COVID-19: Daily report on COVID-19
Other Resources - Specimen collection for COVID-19
- Questions and Answers
- Presentation: coronavirus, A, E
- Presentation: resources, A, E
- Presentation: questions and answers, A, E
- Presentation: case definition, A, E
- Presentation: specimen collection, A, E
- Presentation: areas with community transmission, A, E
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ATC Name B/G Ingredients Dosage Form Price
G04BD09 SPASMEX B Trospium chloride - 30mg 30mg Tablet, film coated 2,564,051 L.L
A03AA04 SPASMINE (Mebeverine HCl 200mg SR) G Mebeverine HCl - 200mg 200mg Capsule, slow release 712,876 L.L
A03AX SPASMO-DIGESTIN B Simethicone - 30mg, Dicyclomine HCl - 5mg, Sodium dihydrocholate - 10mg, Sanzyme 3500 - 36mg, Papain - 100mg Tablet, enteric coated 260,705 L.L
A03A SPASMOBROM B Pipethanate Ethobromide - 20mg 20mg Tablet, coated 705,517 L.L
A03AB06 SPASMOMEN B Otilonium bromide - 40mg 40mg Tablet, film coated 438,093 L.L
L01XX02 SPECTRILA BioTech Asparaginase, recombinant - 10,000IU 10,000IU Injectable powder for concentrate for solution 21,370,813 L.L
M01AE01 SPIDIFEN B Ibuprofen alginate - 400mg 400mg Tablet, film coated 330,585 L.L
P03AX01 SPIDOGALE G Benzyl benzoate - 10g/100ml, Sulfur colloïdal - 5g/100ml Lotion 207,336 L.L
R03AL06 SPIOLTO RESPIMAT B Olodaterol HCl - 2.5mcg/puff, Tiotropium bromide monohydrate - 2.5mcg/puff Inhalation solution 5,087,788 L.L
J01RA SPIRAGYL G Metronidazole - 125mg, Spiramycin - 750,000IU Tablet, scored 474,824 L.L
J01RA SPIRAGYL FORTE G Metronidazole - 250mg, Spiramycin - 1,500,000IU Tablet, scored 474,824 L.L
R03BB04 SPIRIVA RESPIMAT B Tiotropium bromide - 2.5mcg/dose 2.5mcg/dose Inhalation solution 3,000,800 L.L
R03BB04 SPIRIVA WITH HANDIHALER B Tiotropium bromide - 18mcg 18mcg Capsule, inhalation 3,179,531 L.L
D10AF02 SPOTEX G Erythromycin - 4% 4% Gel 854,684 L.L
N06AX27 SPRAVATO B Esketamine - 28mg/device 28mg/device Solution 25,122,440 L.L
N06AX27 SPRAVATO B Esketamine (HCl) - 28mg 28mg/device Solution 66,978,978 L.L
N06AX27 SPRAVATO B Esketamine (HCl) - 28mg 28mg/device Solution 44,561,381 L.L
L01EA02 SPRYCEL B Dasatinib - 70mg 70mg Tablet 212,274,841 L.L
L01EA02 SPRYCEL B Dasatinib - 50mg 50mg Tablet 212,274,841 L.L
J02AC01 STABILANOL G Fluconazole - 2mg/ml 2mg/ml Injectable solution 1,242,583 L.L
J02AC01 STABILANOL G Fluconazole - 100mg 100mg Capsule 1,377,771 L.L
J02AC01 STABILANOL G Fluconazole - 150mg 150mg Capsule 254,557 L.L
M04AA03 STABURIC G Febuxostat - 120mg 120mg Tablet, film coated 1,420,889 L.L
M04AA03 STABURIC G Febuxostat - 80mg 80mg Tablet, film coated 1,355,489 L.L
M04AA03 STABURIC G Febuxostat - 40mg 40mg Tablet, film coated 1,081,345 L.L
V01AA STALORAL B Allergen extracts - 2 x 100IR ou IC/ml Solution 8,449,319 L.L
V01AA STALORAL B Allergen extracts - 300 IR ou IC/ml Solution 6,598,267 L.L
V01AA STALORAL B Allergen extracts - 10-100-100 IR ou IC/ml 10-100-100 IR ou IC/ml Solution 9,129,688 L.L
V01AA STALORAL B Allergen extracts - 10-300 IR ou IC/ml 10-300 IR ou IC/ml Solution 7,206,963 L.L
C10AA03 STAVACOR G Pravastatin sodium - 40mg 40mg Tablet, scored 891,799 L.L
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