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Coronavirus: invasive/novel

Generalities
Agent Coronaviruses belong to a large family of viruses that can cause diseases ranging from the common cold to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS).
1) Classical coronavirus: viruses that can infect humans and animals.
- Human coronavirus (HCoV): causing mild illness (229E, OC43, NL63, and HKU1...)
- Animal coronavirus: may infect pigs, domestic and wild birds, bats, rodents, dogs, cats and cattle. They cause acute and chronic diseases in animals such as respiratory and gastro-enteric diseases, neurologic diseases, and liver disease.
2) Novel coronavirus:
- Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS-CoV) who caused a large outbreak in 2002-2003.
- Middle East respiratory syndrome–Novel Coronavirus (MERS-CoV): first identified in 2012
- Novel Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19)
Incubation period - HCoV: 2-4 days
- SARS-CoV: 2-10 days (mean; 5 days)
- MERS-CoV: 2-14 days
- COVID-19: 4-7 days (up to 14 days)
Period of transmissibility - HCoV: during the active disease
- SARS-CoV: from onset to 21 days
- MERS-CoV: during illness. The duration of infectivity after resolution of symptoms is unknown.
- COVID-19: usually during illness
Reservoir - HCoV: Humans
- SARS-CoV: cave-dwelling bats (genus Rhinolophus), Himalayan masked palm civet (Paguma larvata), other wildlife animals
- MERS-CoV: may be camels and bats
Modes of transmission - HCoV: person-to-person transmission via repiratory droplets, aerosls, fecal oral route, fomites
- SARS-CoV: 1) Animal-to-person; 2) Person-to-person: while caring for, or living with a patient; via respiratory secretions, via body fluids; or airborne (aerosolized sewage, mechanical ventilation...)
- MERS-CoV: 1) Limited person-to-person transmission: close contact, when providing unprotected care to a patient; 2) Suspected animal-to-person transmission via droplet contact, fomite transmission, food-borne, airbone
- COVID-19: 1) Person-to-person: droplets (directly or indirectly), aerosol generating medical procedures, 2) Animal-to-peron
Clinical presentation - HCoV: usually self-limited illness as upper respiratory infection, otitis media, gastroenteritis. Complications: pneumonia, encephalitis, peritonitis...
- SARS-CoV: pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Global case fatality in 2003: 10%.
- MERS-CoV: usually, acute lower respiratory infection with or without gastrointestinal symptoms. It may be asymptomatic. The illness may be severe in people with chronic medical conditions. It may evolve to respiratory failure, organ failure (as renal failure), septic shock... Global case fatality: 27%.
- COVID-19: usually acute respiratory infection
Resources
Case definition - MOPH circular no. 35 (2012): SARS-CoV
- MOPH circular no. 37 (2014): MERS-CoV
- MOPH circular no. 42 (2020): COVID-19
Forms - General reporting form
- Novel Coronavirus reporting form
- Laboratory request form
- Patient transfert request form
- SARS-CoV investigation form
- MERS-CoV investigation form
Data - SARS-CoV: No SARS-CoV was detected in Lebanon in 2003
- MERS-CoV: 2 cases detected and confirmed in 2014 and 2017
- COVID-19: Daily report on COVID-19
Other Resources - Specimen collection for COVID-19
- Questions and Answers
- Presentation: coronavirus, A, E
- Presentation: resources, A, E
- Presentation: questions and answers, A, E
- Presentation: case definition, A, E
- Presentation: specimen collection, A, E
- Presentation: areas with community transmission, A, E
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ATC Name B/G Ingredients Dosage Form Price
M01AB16 ARACENAC G Aceclofenac - 100mg 100mg Tablet, film coated 330,585 L.L
J01CA04 AMOXICILLINE ARROW LAB G Amoxicillin (trihydrate) - 500mg 500mg Capsule 564,414 L.L
C09AA01 APO-CAPTO G Captopril - 25mg 25mg Tablet, scored 1,132,859 L.L
J01CA04 AMOXIDREX G Amoxicillin (trihydrate) - 500mg 500mg Capsule 254,690 L.L
J01CA04 AMOXIDREX G Amoxicillin (trihydrate) - 500mg 500mg Capsule 7,332,097 L.L
C01CA24 ADRENALINE 1 MG I.V. G Adrenaline - 1mg/ml 1mg/ml Injectable solution 2,239,738 L.L
D06AX09 AVALON AVOBAN G Mupirocin - 2% w/w 2% Ointment 460,938 L.L
J01CA04 AMOXYCILLIN G Amoxicillin (trihydrate) - 500mg 500mg Capsule 4,073,187 L.L
C01CA24 ADRENALINE RENAUDIN G Epinephrine (tartrate) - 1mg/ml 1mg Injectable solution 444,812 L.L
L01EA02 APO-DASATINIB G Dasatinib - 50mg 50mg Tablet 71,323,688 L.L
C01CA24 ADRENALINE SALF G Adrenaline - 1mg/ml 1mg/ml Injectable solution 220,390 L.L
C01CA24 ADRENALINE AGUETTANT G Adrenaline - 0.1mg/ml 0.1mg/ml Injectable solution 13,990,891 L.L
C09AA01 APO-CAPTO G Captopril - 50mg 50mg Tablet, scored 1,752,371 L.L
J01CA04 AMOXIDREX G Amoxicillin (trihydrate) - 250mg/5ml 250mg/5ml Powder for suspension 284,127 L.L
L02BG03 ANASTROZOL GP PHARM G Anastrozole - 1mg 1mg Tablet, film coated 1,181,238 L.L
J01CA04 AMOXYCILLIN G Amoxicillin (trihydrate) - 250mg/5ml 250mg/5ml Powder for suspension 166,381 L.L
J01FA10 AZOMYCIN G Azithromycin (dihydrate) - 200mg/5ml 200mg/5ml Powder for suspension + solvent 365,525 L.L
L02BG03 ANASTROZOLE BIOGARAN G Anastrozole - 1mg 1mg Tablet, coated 3,800,387 L.L
J01CA04 AMOXYDIL G Amoxicillin (trihydrate) - 250mg/5ml 250mg/5ml Powder for suspension 142,063 L.L
J01FA10 AZOMYCIN G Azithromycin (dihydrate) - 200mg/5ml 200mg/5ml Powder for suspension 693,423 L.L
L01EA02 APO-DASATINIB G Dasatinib - 20mg 20mg Tablet 57,771,855 L.L
L02BG03 APO-ANASTROZOLE G Anastrozole - 1mg 1mg Tablet 2,615,118 L.L
J01FA10 AZOMYNE G Azithromycin (dihydrate) - 200mg/5ml 200mg/5ml Powder for suspension 237,860 L.L
B01AC06 A.S HEART G Acetylsalicylic acid - 81mg 81mg Tablet, enteric coated 148,463 L.L
J01CA04 AMOXYDIL G Amoxicillin (trihydrate) - 500mg/5ml 500mg/5ml Powder for suspension 218,854 L.L
B01AC06 ASPI-COR G Acetylsalicylic acid - 81mg 81mg Tablet, enteric coated 690,735 L.L
J01CA04 AMOXICILLINE ARROW LAB G Amoxicillin (trihydrate) - 1g 1g Tablet, dispersible 940,690 L.L
N01BB58 ARTICAINE MEDIS ADRENALINE G Articaine HCl - 40mg/ml, Adrenaline - 0.07mg/ml Injectable solution 1,881,380 L.L
B01AC06 ASPICOT G Acetylsalicylic acid - 81mg 81mg Tablet, enteric coated 353,239 L.L
L02BG04 APO-LETROZOLE G Letrozole - 2.5mg 2.5mg Tablet 1,962,010 L.L
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