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Coronavirus: invasive/novel

Generalities
Agent Coronaviruses belong to a large family of viruses that can cause diseases ranging from the common cold to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS).
1) Classical coronavirus: viruses that can infect humans and animals.
- Human coronavirus (HCoV): causing mild illness (229E, OC43, NL63, and HKU1...)
- Animal coronavirus: may infect pigs, domestic and wild birds, bats, rodents, dogs, cats and cattle. They cause acute and chronic diseases in animals such as respiratory and gastro-enteric diseases, neurologic diseases, and liver disease.
2) Novel coronavirus:
- Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS-CoV) who caused a large outbreak in 2002-2003.
- Middle East respiratory syndrome–Novel Coronavirus (MERS-CoV): first identified in 2012
- Novel Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19)
Incubation period - HCoV: 2-4 days
- SARS-CoV: 2-10 days (mean; 5 days)
- MERS-CoV: 2-14 days
- COVID-19: 4-7 days (up to 14 days)
Period of transmissibility - HCoV: during the active disease
- SARS-CoV: from onset to 21 days
- MERS-CoV: during illness. The duration of infectivity after resolution of symptoms is unknown.
- COVID-19: usually during illness
Reservoir - HCoV: Humans
- SARS-CoV: cave-dwelling bats (genus Rhinolophus), Himalayan masked palm civet (Paguma larvata), other wildlife animals
- MERS-CoV: may be camels and bats
Modes of transmission - HCoV: person-to-person transmission via repiratory droplets, aerosls, fecal oral route, fomites
- SARS-CoV: 1) Animal-to-person; 2) Person-to-person: while caring for, or living with a patient; via respiratory secretions, via body fluids; or airborne (aerosolized sewage, mechanical ventilation...)
- MERS-CoV: 1) Limited person-to-person transmission: close contact, when providing unprotected care to a patient; 2) Suspected animal-to-person transmission via droplet contact, fomite transmission, food-borne, airbone
- COVID-19: 1) Person-to-person: droplets (directly or indirectly), aerosol generating medical procedures, 2) Animal-to-peron
Clinical presentation - HCoV: usually self-limited illness as upper respiratory infection, otitis media, gastroenteritis. Complications: pneumonia, encephalitis, peritonitis...
- SARS-CoV: pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Global case fatality in 2003: 10%.
- MERS-CoV: usually, acute lower respiratory infection with or without gastrointestinal symptoms. It may be asymptomatic. The illness may be severe in people with chronic medical conditions. It may evolve to respiratory failure, organ failure (as renal failure), septic shock... Global case fatality: 27%.
- COVID-19: usually acute respiratory infection
Resources
Case definition - MOPH circular no. 35 (2012): SARS-CoV
- MOPH circular no. 37 (2014): MERS-CoV
- MOPH circular no. 42 (2020): COVID-19
Forms - General reporting form
- Novel Coronavirus reporting form
- Laboratory request form
- Patient transfert request form
- SARS-CoV investigation form
- MERS-CoV investigation form
Data - SARS-CoV: No SARS-CoV was detected in Lebanon in 2003
- MERS-CoV: 2 cases detected and confirmed in 2014 and 2017
- COVID-19: Daily report on COVID-19
Other Resources - Specimen collection for COVID-19
- Questions and Answers
- Presentation: coronavirus, A, E
- Presentation: resources, A, E
- Presentation: questions and answers, A, E
- Presentation: case definition, A, E
- Presentation: specimen collection, A, E
- Presentation: areas with community transmission, A, E
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ATC Name B/G Ingredients Dosage Form Price
B03XA01 ALPEEN BioTech Erythropoietin recombinant human (Epoetin alfa) - 4000IU 4000IU Injectable solution 1,127,036 L.L
B03XA01 ALPEEN BioTech Erythropoietin recombinant human (Epoetin alfa) - 4000IU 4000IU Injectable solution 4,748,244 L.L
B02BD08 ARYOSEVEN RT BioTech Eptacog alfa - 1mg 1mg Injectable powder for solution+diluent L.L
B03XA01 ALPEEN BioTech Erythropoietin recombinant human (Epoetin alfa) - 40,000IU 40,000IU Injectable solution 11,210,836 L.L
L04AB01 ALTEBREL BioTech Etanercept - 50mg/1ml 50mg/1ml Injectable solution L.L
L01FX05 ADCETRIS BioTech Brentuximab Vedotin - 50mg 50mg Injectable powder for concentrate for solution L.L
L03AB07 AVONEX BioTech Interferon beta-1a - 30mcg/0.5ml 30mcg/0.5ml Injectable solution 70,488,764 L.L
B01AD02 ACTILYSE BioTech Alteplase - 50mg 50mg Injectable dry powder for solution+diluent 91,949,371 L.L
L04AB01 ALTEBREL BioTech Etanercept - 50mg/1ml 50mg/1ml Injectable solution 14,833,767 L.L
L04AB01 ALTEBREL BioTech Etanercept - 25mg/0.5ml 25mg/0.5ml Injectable solution 27,383,989 L.L
L04AB04 ABRILADA BioTech Adalimumab - 40mg 40mg Injectable solution 40,259,574 L.L
L04AB04 ABRILADA BioTech Adalimumab - 40mg 40mg Injectable solution 40,259,574 L.L
L04AB04 ADALIREL BioTech Adalimumab - 40mg 40mg Injectable solution 15,102,158 L.L
B05CX01 ALDEX G Dextrose, H2O - 5g/100ml 5g/100ml Injectable solution 205,933 L.L
S01GA04 ALERJON G Oxymetazoline HCl - Drops solution 528,130 L.L
C09CA04 ANDARAN G Irbesartan - 300mg 300mg Tablet, film coated 856,362 L.L
N02BE51 A.B.C.-COLD G Paracetamol - 500mg, Chlorphenamine maleate - 4mg, Phenylephrine HCl - 5mg Tablet, film coated 534,977 L.L
R03DC03 AIRFAST PEDIATRICS G Montelukast (sodium) - 4mg 4mg Granules for solution 880,217 L.L
C09CA06 ANDESART 8 G Candesartan cilexetil - 8mg 8mg Tablet 498,566 L.L
C09CA06 ARKANDA 8 G Candesartan cilexetil - 8mg 8mg Tablet 639,925 L.L
C10AA07 APO-ROSUVASTATIN G Rosuvastatin (calcium) - 20mg 20mg Tablet 670,577 L.L
C09CA06 ANDESART 16 G Candesartan cilexetil - 16mg 16mg Tablet 665,202 L.L
C09CA06 ARKANDA 16 G Candesartan cilexetil - 16mg 16mg Tablet 700,078 L.L
J01DD04 AXONE G Ceftriaxone (sodium) - 1g 1g Injectable powder for solution 4,053,029 L.L
D10BA01 A-CNOTREN G Isotretinoin - 20mg 20mg Capsule, soft gelatin 1,390,057 L.L
R05CA ASPECTON COUGH SYRUP G Thyme soft extract - 6.69g/100ml Syrup 588,603 L.L
C09CA07 ARBIVASTEL G Telmisartan - 80mg 80mg Tablet 667,890 L.L
L01BC01 ALEXAN G Cytarabine - 100mg/5ml 100mg/5ml Injectable solution 388,370 L.L
L01BC01 ALEXAN G Cytarabine - 1,000mg/20ml 1,000mg/20ml Injectable solution 2,848,946 L.L
C10AA07 APO-ROSUVASTATIN G Rosuvastatin (calcium) - 40mg 40mg Tablet 670,577 L.L
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