Meningitis

Generalities
Agent	There are several agents causing meningitis. 1) Main Bacteria: - Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcus): Gram negative diplococci. Main invasive serotypes are A, B, C, W135, X, and Y. - Haemophilus influenza: Gram negative cocco-bacilli. There are 6 serotypes from (a) to (f). The serotype (b) is responsible of invasive infection. - Streptococcus pneumonia (pneumococcus): Gram positive diplococci. There are more than 90 serotypes. - Leptospira: spirochetes, Leptospira interrogans (26 serogroups) - Listeria monocytogenes: Gram positive, rod-shapped - Other bacterial agents: Staphylococcus, enteric bacteria, group B streptococci, Mycobacterium tuberculosis… 2) Virus: - Mumps - Measles - West Nile virus: a Flavivirus - Enterovirus: including Coxsackieviruses A (2-4, 7, 9-10), Coxsackieviruses B (1-6), Echoviruses (2, 5-7, 9-11, 14, 18, 30), Enterovirus 71, Poliovirus (1-3) - Herpes Simplex virus (types 1 and 2): family Herpesviridae - Varicella-Zoster virus: Human (alpha) Herpesvirus 3 (varicella-zoster) from the group Herpesvirus - Adenovirus: Adenovirus, several types (1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 7), genus Mastadenovirus, family Adenoviridae, - Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus: an Arenavirus - Sandfly fever viruses: genus Phlebovirus, family Bunyaviridae. They include more than 60 antigenically distinct virus serotypes. Two main groups are identified: a) Sandfly fever group including the Naples serocomplex (Karimabad virus, Arabia virus, Massilia virus, Punique virus, Tehran virus, Toscana virus …) and Sicilian serocomplex; and b) Uukuniemi group -Other virus: arboviruses… 3) Parasites: - Candida albicans, cryptococcus…
Incubation period	varies with the agent
Period of transmissibility	varies with the agent
Reservoir	varies with the agent
Modes of transmission	varies with the agent
Clinical presentation	varies with the agent
Resources
Case definition	- MOPH circular no. 52 (2007): Meningitis - MOPH circular no. 63 (2007): Neisseria meningitidis - MOPH circular no. 54 (2007): Haemophilus influenzae b - MOPH circular no. 36 (2012): West Nile Virus
Forms	- Meningitis reporting form - Meningitis investigation form
Data	- Weekly report

ATC	Name	B/G	Ingredients	Dosage	Form	Price
M01AC01	BRUXICAM	B	Piroxicam - 0.5%		Drops solution	530,818 L.L
S01AA12	TOBRASTILL	G	Tobramycin - 0.3%	0.3%	Drops solution	258,018 L.L
S01AA23	NETTACIN	B	Netilmicin - 0.3%	0.3%	Drops solution	681,328 L.L
S01AA26	AZYTER	G	Azithromycin (dihydrate) - 15mg/g	15mg/g	Drops solution	412,560 L.L
S01AE01	OFLOX	B	Ofloxacin - 3mg/ml	0.3%	Drops solution	366,869 L.L
S01AE01	OFLOX	B	Ofloxacin - 0.3%	0.3%	Drops solution	366,869 L.L
S01AE01	FLOXIGEN	G	Ofloxacin - 3mg/ml	3mg/ml	Drops solution	358,806 L.L
S01AE03	CILOXAN	B	Ciprofloxacine (HCl) - 3mg/ml	3mg/ml	Drops solution	348,055 L.L
S01AE06	TYMER	G	Gatifloxacin (sesquihydrate) - 3mg/ml	3mg/ml	Drops solution	427,342 L.L
S01AE07	FORTYMOX	G	Moxifloxacin (HCl) - 0.5%	0.5%	Drops solution	772,709 L.L
S01AE07	MOXITEC	G	Moxifloxacin (HCl) - 5mg/ml	5mg/ml	Drops solution	464,970 L.L
S01AE07	VIGAMOX	G	Moxifloxacin (HCl) - 5mg/ml	5mg/ml	Drops solution	670,577 L.L
S01BA01	DEXAFREE	G	Dexamethasone Phosphate - 1mg/ml	1mg/ml	Drops solution	563,070 L.L
S01BA01	DEXAFREE	G	Dexamethasone Phosphate - 1mg/ml	1mg/ml	Drops solution	563,070 L.L
S01BC03	DICLOFTIL	G	Diclofenac sodium - 0.1%	0.1%	Drops solution	1,038,790 L.L
S01BC04	EDOLFENE	B	Flurbiprofen sodium - 0.03%	0.03%	Drops solution	388,370 L.L
S01BC04	FLUROPTIC	G	Flurbiprofen sodium - 0.03% w/v	0.03% w/v	Drops solution	223,078 L.L
S01CA01	OPTIDEX T	G	Dexamethasone - 1mg/ml, Tobramycin - 3mg/ml		Drops suspension	266,081 L.L
S01CA02	LOXTRA	G	Prednisolone acetate - 2mg/ml, Tetrahydrozoline HCl - 0.4mg/ml, Ofloxacin - 3mg/ml		Drops suspension	423,310 L.L
S01EC04	AZOPT	B	Brinzolamide - 10mg/ml	10mg/ml	Drops suspension	804,962 L.L
S01EC54	SIMBRINZA	B	Brinzolamide - 1%, Brimonidine tartrate - 0.2%		Drops suspension	1,706,680 L.L
S03CA04	MYCICORT	G	Hydrocortisone acetate - 5mg, Neomycin sulfate - 5mg		Drops suspension	166,381 L.L
S01AE01	OPTIFLOX	G	Ofloxacin - 3mg/ml	3mg/ml	Drops suspension	143,791 L.L
J07CA	LANTIGEN B	B	Streptococcus pneumoniae type 3 (antigenic extracts) - 63.2A.U./ml, Streptococcus pyogenes group A (antigenic extracts) - 126.2A.U./ml, Branhamella catarrhalis (antigenic extracts) - 39.9A.U./ml, Staphylococcus aureus (antigenic extracts) - 79.6A.U./ml, Haemophilus influenzae type b (antigenic extracts) - 50.2A.U./ml, Klebsiella pneumoniae (antigenic extracts) - 39.8A.U./ml		Drops suspension	916,501 L.L
S01BA04	PRED FORTE	B	Prednisolone acetate - 10mg/ml	1%	Drops suspension	260,705 L.L
S01BA04	PRED FORTE	B	Prednisolone acetate - 10mg/ml	1%	Drops suspension	260,705 L.L
S01BA14	LOTEMAX	B	Loteprednol etabonate - 0.5%	0.5%	Drops suspension	1,038,790 L.L
S01CA01	API-TOBRASON	G	Dexamethasone - 1mg/ml, Tobramycin - 3mg/ml		Drops suspension	294,302 L.L
S01CA01	CO-AVAZIR	G	Tobramycin - 0.3%, Dexamethasone - 0.1%		Drops suspension	193,513 L.L
N02BE01	CHILDREN'S PANADOL 5-12 YEARS	B	Paracetamol - 240mg/5ml	240mg/5ml	Elixir	356,118 L.L