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Meningitis

Generalities
Agent There are several agents causing meningitis.
1) Main Bacteria:
- Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcus): Gram negative diplococci. Main invasive serotypes are A, B, C, W135, X, and Y.
- Haemophilus influenza: Gram negative cocco-bacilli. There are 6 serotypes from (a) to (f). The serotype (b) is responsible of invasive infection.
- Streptococcus pneumonia (pneumococcus): Gram positive diplococci. There are more than 90 serotypes.
- Leptospira: spirochetes, Leptospira interrogans (26 serogroups)
- Listeria monocytogenes: Gram positive, rod-shapped
- Other bacterial agents: Staphylococcus, enteric bacteria, group B streptococci, Mycobacterium tuberculosis…
2) Virus:
- Mumps
- Measles
- West Nile virus: a Flavivirus
- Enterovirus: including Coxsackieviruses A (2-4, 7, 9-10), Coxsackieviruses B (1-6), Echoviruses (2, 5-7, 9-11, 14, 18, 30), Enterovirus 71, Poliovirus (1-3)
- Herpes Simplex virus (types 1 and 2): family Herpesviridae
- Varicella-Zoster virus: Human (alpha) Herpesvirus 3 (varicella-zoster) from the group Herpesvirus
- Adenovirus: Adenovirus, several types (1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 7), genus Mastadenovirus, family Adenoviridae, - Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus: an Arenavirus
- Sandfly fever viruses: genus Phlebovirus, family Bunyaviridae. They include more than 60 antigenically distinct virus serotypes. Two main groups are identified: a) Sandfly fever group including the Naples serocomplex (Karimabad virus, Arabia virus, Massilia virus, Punique virus, Tehran virus, Toscana virus …) and Sicilian serocomplex; and b) Uukuniemi group
-Other virus: arboviruses…
3) Parasites: - Candida albicans, cryptococcus…
Incubation period varies with the agent
Period of transmissibility varies with the agent
Reservoir varies with the agent
Modes of transmission varies with the agent
Clinical presentation varies with the agent
Resources
Case definition MOPH circular no. 52 (2007): Meningitis
MOPH circular no. 63 (2007): Neisseria meningitidis
MOPH circular no. 54 (2007): Haemophilus influenzae b
MOPH circular no. 36 (2012): West Nile Virus
Forms - Meningitis reporting form
- Meningitis investigation form
Data - Weekly report
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ATC Name B/G Ingredients Dosage Form Price
N06DA02 DONEPEZIL BIOGARAN G Donepezil HCl - 5mg 5mg Tablet, coated 1,325,029 L.L
S01ED51 EPISOPT G Timolol - 5mg, Dorzolamide HCl - 20mg Drops 575,165 L.L
A10BA02 SIOFOR G Metformin HCl - 850mg 850mg Tablet, film coated 174,700 L.L
B05XA03 SODIUM CHLORIDE G Sodium chloride - 0.9% 0.9% Injectable solution 222,941 L.L
C07AB07 BISOPROLOL REF G Bisoprolol hemifumarate - 10mg 10mg Tablet, coated, scored 544,256 L.L
C09DA04 IRBAVEL PLUS 300/12.5 G Irbesartan - 300mg, Hydrochlorothiazide - 12.5mg Tablet, film coated 559,294 L.L
G01AF02 CANAGYN G Clotrimazole - 100mg 100mg Tablet 229,797 L.L
J01DD04 TRIAXONE G Ceftriaxone (sodium) - 1g 1g Injectable powder for solution 4,542,188 L.L
L01BC05 HAXANIT G Gemcitabine (HCl) - 200mg 200mg Injectable lyophilised powder 1,411,035 L.L
N02BE51 GENTLE RELIEF G Paracetamol - 325mg, Ibuprofen - 400mg, Famotidine - 20mg Tablet 184,106 L.L
N05AH03 PREXAL 10 G Olanzapine - 10mg 10mg Caplet, film coated 881,561 L.L
N06DA02 DOPEZIL G Donepezil HCl - 5mg 5mg Tablet, film coated 1,034,759 L.L
R03DC03 LUKAST G Montelukast (sodium) - 5mg 5mg Tablet, chewable 783,460 L.L
S01ED51 TWINZOL G Dorzolamide HCl - 2%, Timolol - 0.5% Drops solution 632,950 L.L
B05XA03 SODIUM CHLORIDE G Sodium chloride - 0.9% 0.9% Injectable solution 349,596 L.L
C07AB07 CARDIOSAFE 10 G Bisoprolol fumarate - 10mg 10mg Tablet, coated 610,104 L.L
C09DA04 ZIOREL PLUS G Irbesartan - 300mg, Hydrochlorothiazide - 12.5mg Tablet, film coated 559,294 L.L
C10BA05 OTOREZA 10MG/40MG G Atorvastatin - 40mg, Ezetimibe - 10mg Tablet, film coated 1,144,954 L.L
J01DD04 VERACOL G Ceftriaxone (sodium) - 1g 1g Injectable lyophilised powder for solution+diluent 454,219 L.L
J02AC01 FLUNAZOL G Fluconazole - 50mg 50mg Capsule 534,465 L.L
L01BC05 GEMCI-CELL G Gemcitabine (HCl) - 1g/Vial 1g/Vial Injectable concentrate for solution 9,326,123 L.L
N05AH03 OLANZAPINE ARROW G Olanzapine - 7.5mg 7.5mg Tablet 822,432 L.L
R03DC03 MONTELUKAST ARROW LAB G Montelukast (sodium) - 5mg 5mg Tablet, chewable 851,996 L.L
S01ED51 XOLAMOL G Timolol (maleate) - 5mg/ml, Dorzolamide HCl - 20mg/ml Drops solution 678,640 L.L
A03AX12 PHLOROGLUCINOL/TRIMETHYLPHLOROGLUCINOL ARROW G Phloroglucinol - 40mg/4ml, Trimethylphloroglucinol - 0.04mg/4ml Injectable solution 940,690 L.L
A10BA02 DIALON G Metformin HCl - 1g 1,000mg Tablet 180,075 L.L
B05XA03 SODIUM CHLORIDE G Sodium chloride - 0.9% 0.9% Injectable solution 182,720 L.L
C07AB07 PRESCOR 10 G Bisoprolol - 10mg 10mg Tablet, film coated 460,746 L.L
C09DA04 ANDARAN PLUS G Irbesartan - 300mg, Hydrochlorothiazide - 25mg Tablet, film coated 904,612 L.L
G01AF02 CANAGYN G Clotrimazole - 500mg 500mg Tablet 302,365 L.L
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