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Meningitis

Generalities
Agent There are several agents causing meningitis.
1) Main Bacteria:
- Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcus): Gram negative diplococci. Main invasive serotypes are A, B, C, W135, X, and Y.
- Haemophilus influenza: Gram negative cocco-bacilli. There are 6 serotypes from (a) to (f). The serotype (b) is responsible of invasive infection.
- Streptococcus pneumonia (pneumococcus): Gram positive diplococci. There are more than 90 serotypes.
- Leptospira: spirochetes, Leptospira interrogans (26 serogroups)
- Listeria monocytogenes: Gram positive, rod-shapped
- Other bacterial agents: Staphylococcus, enteric bacteria, group B streptococci, Mycobacterium tuberculosis…
2) Virus:
- Mumps
- Measles
- West Nile virus: a Flavivirus
- Enterovirus: including Coxsackieviruses A (2-4, 7, 9-10), Coxsackieviruses B (1-6), Echoviruses (2, 5-7, 9-11, 14, 18, 30), Enterovirus 71, Poliovirus (1-3)
- Herpes Simplex virus (types 1 and 2): family Herpesviridae
- Varicella-Zoster virus: Human (alpha) Herpesvirus 3 (varicella-zoster) from the group Herpesvirus
- Adenovirus: Adenovirus, several types (1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 7), genus Mastadenovirus, family Adenoviridae, - Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus: an Arenavirus
- Sandfly fever viruses: genus Phlebovirus, family Bunyaviridae. They include more than 60 antigenically distinct virus serotypes. Two main groups are identified: a) Sandfly fever group including the Naples serocomplex (Karimabad virus, Arabia virus, Massilia virus, Punique virus, Tehran virus, Toscana virus …) and Sicilian serocomplex; and b) Uukuniemi group
-Other virus: arboviruses…
3) Parasites: - Candida albicans, cryptococcus…
Incubation period varies with the agent
Period of transmissibility varies with the agent
Reservoir varies with the agent
Modes of transmission varies with the agent
Clinical presentation varies with the agent
Resources
Case definition - MOPH circular no. 52 (2007): Meningitis
- MOPH circular no. 63 (2007): Neisseria meningitidis
- MOPH circular no. 54 (2007): Haemophilus influenzae b
- MOPH circular no. 36 (2012): West Nile Virus
Forms - Meningitis reporting form
- Meningitis investigation form
Data - Weekly report
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ATC Name B/G Ingredients Dosage Form Price
B05D CAPD/DPCA 3Solution for peritoneal dialysis G Sodium chloride - 5.786g/l, Sodium-(S)-lactate - 3.925g/l, Calcium chloride 2H2O - 0.2573g/l, Magnesium chloride, 6H2O - 0.1017g/l, Anhydrous glucose - 42.50g/l, Glucose monohydrate - 46.75g/l Injectable solution 740,031 L.L
L01FF02 KEYTRUDA BioTech Pembrolizumab - 100mg/4ml 100mg/4ml Injectable solution L.L
A10AB01 HUMULIN R U-100 BioTech Insulin (human) - 100IU/ml 100IU/ml Injectable solution 701,486 L.L
B05D CAPD/DPCA 17Solution for peritoneal dialysis sleep safe G Sodium chloride - 5.786g/l, Sodium-(S)-lactate - 3.925g/l, Calcium chloride 2H2O - 0.1838g/l, Magnesium chloride, 6H2O - 0.1017g/l, Anhydrous glucose - 15g/l, Fructose , - up to 0.75g/l Injectable solution 715,794 L.L
A10AB01 JUSLINE R BioTech Insulin (human) - 100IU/ml 100IU/ml Injectable solution 401,809 L.L
B05D CAPD/DPCA 19Solution for peritoneal dialysis sleep safe G Sodium chloride - 5.786g/l, Sodium-(S)-lactate - 3.925g/l, Calcium chloride 2H2O - 0.1838g/l, Magnesium chloride, 6H2O - 0.1017g/l, Anhydrous glucose - 22.73g/l, Fructose , - up to 1.1g/l Injectable solution 715,794 L.L
L04AA33 ENTYVIO BioTech Vedolizumab - 108mg 108mg Injectable solution 88,955,869 L.L
L01FF01 OPDIVO BioTech Nivolumab - 100mg/10ml 100mg/10ml Injectable solution L.L
A10AB04 HUMALOG KWIKPEN BioTech Insulin lispro - 100IU/ml 100IU/ml Injectable solution 3,950,897 L.L
B05DA EXTRANEAL (ICODEXTRIN 7.5%) TWIN BAG B Sodium lactate - 4.5g/l, Magnesium Chloride - 0.051g/l, Calcium chloride - 0.257g/l, Sodium chloride - 5.4g/l, Icodextrin - 75.0 g/l Injectable solution 1,998,025 L.L
L04AA33 ENTYVIO BioTech Vedolizumab - 108mg 108mg Injectable solution 88,955,869 L.L
L01FF01 OPDIVO BioTech Nivolumab - 40mg/4ml 40mg/4ml Injectable solution L.L
A10AB04 PROLOG BioTech Insulin lispro - 100U/ml 100U/ml Injectable solution 637,365 L.L
B05DA EXTRANEAL (ICODEXTRIN 7.5%) SINGLE BAG B Sodium lactate - 4.5g/l, Magnesium Chloride - 0.051g/l, Calcium chloride - 0.257g/l, Sodium chloride - 5.4g/l, Icodextrin - 75.0 g/l Injectable solution 1,998,025 L.L
L01FG02 CYRAMZA BioTech Ramucirumab - 500mg/50ml 500mg/50ml Injectable solution L.L
A10AB04 PROLOG BioTech Insulin lispro - 100U/ml 100U/ml Injectable solution 2,126,343 L.L
B03AC FER PANPHARMA G Iron (sucrose) - 100mg/5ml 100mg/5ml Injectable solution 2,315,441 L.L
B05DB DIANEAL PD4 1.36% GLUCOSE B Sodium lactate - 4.48g/l, Magnesium chloride - 0.051g/l, Calcium chloride - 0.184g/l, Sodium chloride - 5.38g/l, Anhydrous glucose - 13.6g/l 1.36% Injectable solution 1,163,270 L.L
A10AB04 PROLOG BioTech Insulin lispro - 100U/ml 100U/ml Injectable solution 883,480 L.L
B03AC FER PANPHARMA G Iron (sucrose) - 100mg/5ml 100mg/5ml Injectable solution 2,315,441 L.L
B05DB DIANEAL PD4 CYCLER 1.36% GLUCOSE B Sodium lactate - 4.48g/l, Magnesium chloride - 0.051g/l, Calcium chloride - 0.184g/l, Sodium chloride - 5.38g/l, Anhydrous glucose - 13.6g/l Injectable solution 1,150,329 L.L
B03AC FEROMAX G Iron trivalent (hydroxide sucrose complex) - 100mg/5ml 100mg/5ml Injectable solution 2,213,309 L.L
B05DB DIANEAL PD4 2.27% GLUCOSE B Sodium lactate - 4.48g/l, Magnesium chloride - 0.051g/l, Calcium chloride - 0.184g/l, Sodium chloride - 5.38g/l, Anhydrous glucose - 22.7g/l Injectable solution 1,163,270 L.L
L04AC05 STELARA BioTech Ustekinumab - 90mg 90mg Injectable solution L.L
B03AC FERRASIL G Iron (sucrose) - 100mg/5ml 100mg/5ml Injectable solution 2,194,047 L.L
B05DB DIANEAL PD4 CYCLER 2.27% GLUCOSE B Sodium lactate - 4.48g/l, Magnesium chloride - 0.051g/l, Calcium chloride - 0.184g/l, Sodium chloride - 5.38g/l, Anhydrous glucose - 22.7g/l Injectable solution 1,150,329 L.L
A10AB05 NOVORAPID FLEXPEN BioTech Insulin aspart - 100IU/ml 100IU/ml Injectable solution 3,123,090 L.L
B05DB DIANEAL PD4 3.86% GLUCOSE B Sodium lactate - 4.48g/l, Magnesium chloride - 0.051g/l, Calcium chloride - 0.184g/l, Sodium chloride - 5.38g/l, Anhydrous glucose - 38.6g/l Injectable solution 1,111,506 L.L
J01MA14 AVALOX B Moxifloxacin (HCl) - 400mg/250ml 400mg/250ml Injectable solution 9,052,935 L.L
A10AB05 NOVORAPID FLEXPEN BioTech Insulin aspart - 100IU/ml 100IU/ml Injectable solution 3,123,090 L.L
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