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Coronavirus: invasive/novel

Generalities
Agent Coronaviruses belong to a large family of viruses that can cause diseases ranging from the common cold to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS).
1) Classical coronavirus: viruses that can infect humans and animals.
- Human coronavirus (HCoV): causing mild illness (229E, OC43, NL63, and HKU1...)
- Animal coronavirus: may infect pigs, domestic and wild birds, bats, rodents, dogs, cats and cattle. They cause acute and chronic diseases in animals such as respiratory and gastro-enteric diseases, neurologic diseases, and liver disease.
2) Novel coronavirus:
- Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS-CoV) who caused a large outbreak in 2002-2003.
- Middle East respiratory syndrome–Novel Coronavirus (MERS-CoV): first identified in 2012
- Novel Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19)
Incubation period - HCoV: 2-4 days
- SARS-CoV: 2-10 days (mean; 5 days)
- MERS-CoV: 2-14 days
- COVID-19: 4-7 days (up to 14 days)
Period of transmissibility - HCoV: during the active disease
- SARS-CoV: from onset to 21 days
- MERS-CoV: during illness. The duration of infectivity after resolution of symptoms is unknown.
- COVID-19: usually during illness
Reservoir - HCoV: Humans
- SARS-CoV: cave-dwelling bats (genus Rhinolophus), Himalayan masked palm civet (Paguma larvata), other wildlife animals
- MERS-CoV: may be camels and bats
Modes of transmission - HCoV: person-to-person transmission via repiratory droplets, aerosls, fecal oral route, fomites
- SARS-CoV: 1) Animal-to-person; 2) Person-to-person: while caring for, or living with a patient; via respiratory secretions, via body fluids; or airborne (aerosolized sewage, mechanical ventilation...)
- MERS-CoV: 1) Limited person-to-person transmission: close contact, when providing unprotected care to a patient; 2) Suspected animal-to-person transmission via droplet contact, fomite transmission, food-borne, airbone
- COVID-19: 1) Person-to-person: droplets (directly or indirectly), aerosol generating medical procedures, 2) Animal-to-peron
Clinical presentation - HCoV: usually self-limited illness as upper respiratory infection, otitis media, gastroenteritis. Complications: pneumonia, encephalitis, peritonitis...
- SARS-CoV: pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Global case fatality in 2003: 10%.
- MERS-CoV: usually, acute lower respiratory infection with or without gastrointestinal symptoms. It may be asymptomatic. The illness may be severe in people with chronic medical conditions. It may evolve to respiratory failure, organ failure (as renal failure), septic shock... Global case fatality: 27%.
- COVID-19: usually acute respiratory infection
Resources
Case definition - MOPH circular no. 35 (2012): SARS-CoV
- MOPH circular no. 37 (2014): MERS-CoV
- MOPH circular no. 42 (2020): COVID-19
Forms - General reporting form
- Novel Coronavirus reporting form
- Laboratory request form
- Patient transfert request form
- SARS-CoV investigation form
- MERS-CoV investigation form
Data - SARS-CoV: No SARS-CoV was detected in Lebanon in 2003
- MERS-CoV: 2 cases detected and confirmed in 2014 and 2017
- COVID-19: Daily report on COVID-19
Other Resources - Specimen collection for COVID-19
- Questions and Answers
- Presentation: coronavirus, A, E
- Presentation: resources, A, E
- Presentation: questions and answers, A, E
- Presentation: case definition, A, E
- Presentation: specimen collection, A, E
- Presentation: areas with community transmission, A, E
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ATC Name B/G Ingredients Dosage Form Price
P01AB01 METRONIDAZOLE G Metronidazole - 500mg/100ml 500mg/100ml Injectable solution 162,605 L.L
B01AB05 ENOMEX BioTech Enoxaparin sodium - 4000U Anti-Xa/0.4ml 4000U Anti-Xa/0.4ml Injectable solution 753,832 L.L
B05BB01 RINGER'S INJECTION USP G Calcium chloride, 2H2O - 0.033%, Potassium chloride - 0.03%, Sodium chloride - 0.86% Injectable solution 199,957 L.L
B05XA05 SULFATE DE MAGNESIUM PROAMP G Magnesium sulfate - 0.15g/ml 0.15g/ml Injectable solution 1,400,284 L.L
P01AB01 METRONIDAZOLE B. BRAUN G Metronidazole - 500mg/100ml 500mg/100ml Injectable solution 102,132 L.L
B01AB05 ENOXA MEDIS BioTech Enoxaparin sodium - 4,000U Anti-Xa/0.4ml 4,000U Anti-Xa/0.4ml Injectable solution 755,239 L.L
B05BB01 RINGER'S INJECTION, USP G Calcium chloride, 2H2O - 0.33g/l, Potassium chloride - 0.3g/l, Sodium chloride - 8.6g/l Injectable solution 189,615 L.L
B05XA05 SULFATE DE MAGNESIUM RENAUDIN G Magnesium sulfate - 1.5g/10ml 15% Injectable solution 434,061 L.L
P01AB01 METRONIDAZOLE FRESENIUS G Metronidazole - 500mg/100ml 500mg/100ml Injectable solution 1,866,597 L.L
B01AB05 ENOXAMED BioTech Enoxaparin sodium - 4000IU Anti-XA/0.4ml 4000IU Anti-XA/0.4ml Injectable solution 755,239 L.L
B05BB01 LACTATED RINGER'S G Sodium lactate - 0.31g/100ml, Calcium chloride, 2H2O - 0.02g/100ml, Potassium chloride - 0.03g/100ml, Sodium chloride - 0.598g/100ml Injectable solution 218,681 L.L
B05XA05 MAGNESIUM SULFATE G Magnesium sulfate, 7H2O - 50g/100ml 50g/100ml Injectable solution 897,510 L.L
P01AB01 METRONIDAZOLE PANPHARMA G Metronidazole - 500mg/100ml 500mg/100ml Injectable solution 1,624,706 L.L
B01AB05 ENOXAMED BioTech Enoxaparin sodium - 4000IU Anti-XA/0.4ml 4000IU Anti-XA/0.4ml Injectable solution 2,150,148 L.L
B05BB01 LACTATED RINGER'S G Sodium lactate - 0.31g/100ml, Calcium chloride, 2H2O - 0.02g/100ml, Potassium chloride - 0.02g/100ml, Sodium chloride - 0.598g/100ml Injectable solution 239,275 L.L
B05XA05 MAGNESIUM SULFATE G Magnesium sulfate, 7H2O - 10g/100ml 10g/100ml Injectable solution 5,040,303 L.L
M05BA08 ACLASTA B Zoledronic acid (monohydrate) - 5mg/100ml 5mg/100ml Injectable solution 21,075,062 L.L
P01AB01 METRONOR G Metronidazole - 500mg/100ml 500mg/100ml Injectable solution 5,359,244 L.L
B01AB05 ENOXAPARIN LEDRAXEN BioTech Enoxaparin sodium - 4000UI (40mg)/0.4ml 4000UI (40mg)/0.4ml Injectable solution 841,245 L.L
B05BB01 LACTATED RINGER'S INJECTION, USP G Sodium lactate - 3.1g/l, Calcium chloride, 2H2O - 0.2g/l, Potassium chloride - 0.3g/l, Sodium chloride - 6g/l Injectable solution 216,046 L.L
B05XA07 CALCIUM CHLORIDE G Calcium chloride - 10g/100ml 10g/100ml Injectable solution 5,436,771 L.L
G03DA03 PROLUTON DEPOT B Hydroxyprogesterone caproate - 250mg/ml 250mg/ml Injectable solution 270,112 L.L
M05BA08 SIMPLA G Zoledronic acid - 5mg/100ml 5mg/100ml Injectable solution 13,071,402 L.L
P01AB01 POLGYL G Metronidazole - 0.5% 0.5% Injectable solution 134,384 L.L
B01AB05 HEPAXANE 4000IU BioTech Enoxaparin sodium - 40mg/0.4ml 40mg/0.4ml Injectable solution 4,063,780 L.L
B05BB01 LR G Sodium lactate - 0.31g/100ml, Calcium chloride, 2H2O - 0.02g/100ml, Potassium chloride - 0.03g/100ml, Sodium chloride - 0.598g/100ml Injectable solution 218,681 L.L
L01CE02 IRINOGEN G Irinotecan HCl - 100mg 100mg Injectable solution 5,239,642 L.L
P01AB01 SOLUFLEX METRONIDAZOLE G Metronidazole - 500mg/100ml 500mg/100ml Injectable solution 162,541 L.L
B01AB05 LOVENOX BioTech Enoxaparin sodium - 4,000UI (40mg)/0.4ml 4,000UI (40mg)/0.4ml Injectable solution 886,936 L.L
B05BB01 SERUFLEX LACTATED RINGER'S INJECTION, USP G Sodium lactate - 3.1g/l, Calcium chloride, 2H2O - 0.2g/l, Potassium chloride - 0.3g/l, Sodium chloride - 6g/l Injectable solution 216,046 L.L
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