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Meningitis

Generalities
Agent There are several agents causing meningitis.
1) Main Bacteria:
- Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcus): Gram negative diplococci. Main invasive serotypes are A, B, C, W135, X, and Y.
- Haemophilus influenza: Gram negative cocco-bacilli. There are 6 serotypes from (a) to (f). The serotype (b) is responsible of invasive infection.
- Streptococcus pneumonia (pneumococcus): Gram positive diplococci. There are more than 90 serotypes.
- Leptospira: spirochetes, Leptospira interrogans (26 serogroups)
- Listeria monocytogenes: Gram positive, rod-shapped
- Other bacterial agents: Staphylococcus, enteric bacteria, group B streptococci, Mycobacterium tuberculosis…
2) Virus:
- Mumps
- Measles
- West Nile virus: a Flavivirus
- Enterovirus: including Coxsackieviruses A (2-4, 7, 9-10), Coxsackieviruses B (1-6), Echoviruses (2, 5-7, 9-11, 14, 18, 30), Enterovirus 71, Poliovirus (1-3)
- Herpes Simplex virus (types 1 and 2): family Herpesviridae
- Varicella-Zoster virus: Human (alpha) Herpesvirus 3 (varicella-zoster) from the group Herpesvirus
- Adenovirus: Adenovirus, several types (1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 7), genus Mastadenovirus, family Adenoviridae, - Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus: an Arenavirus
- Sandfly fever viruses: genus Phlebovirus, family Bunyaviridae. They include more than 60 antigenically distinct virus serotypes. Two main groups are identified: a) Sandfly fever group including the Naples serocomplex (Karimabad virus, Arabia virus, Massilia virus, Punique virus, Tehran virus, Toscana virus …) and Sicilian serocomplex; and b) Uukuniemi group
-Other virus: arboviruses…
3) Parasites: - Candida albicans, cryptococcus…
Incubation period varies with the agent
Period of transmissibility varies with the agent
Reservoir varies with the agent
Modes of transmission varies with the agent
Clinical presentation varies with the agent
Resources
Case definition MOPH circular no. 52 (2007): Meningitis
MOPH circular no. 63 (2007): Neisseria meningitidis
MOPH circular no. 54 (2007): Haemophilus influenzae b
MOPH circular no. 36 (2012): West Nile Virus
Forms - Meningitis reporting form
- Meningitis investigation form
Data - Weekly report
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ATC Name B/G Ingredients Dosage Form Price
R01AD11 NASACORT AQ B Triamcinolone acetonide - 55mcg/dose 55mcg/dose Spray, suspension 1,003,850 L.L
R01AD11 RINEX G Triamcinolone acetonide - 55mcg/actuation 55mcg/actuation Spray, suspension 712,876 L.L
R01AD58 DYMISTA B Fluticasone propionate - 50mcg/actuation, Azelastine HCl - 137mcg/actuation Spray, suspension 2,183,744 L.L
R01AB06 TRIOFAN B Xylometazoline HCl - 0.5mg/ml, Carbocysteine - 5mg/ml Spray, solution 608,761 L.L
R01AB06 TRIOFAN B Xylometazoline HCl - 1mg/ml, Carbocysteine - 10mg/ml Spray, solution 646,388 L.L
R01AC03 ALLERGODIL NASAL B Azelastine HCl - 0.14mg/dose 0.14mg/dose Spray, solution 657,139 L.L
D11AX10 FINJUVE G Finasteride - 2.275mg/ml 2.275mg/ml Spray, solution 6,708,462 L.L
R01AA05 UTABON G Oxymetazoline HCl - 0.5mg/ml 0.5mg/ml Spray, solution 302,365 L.L
R01AB01 VAPICIL MICRODOSER G Phenylephrine - 2.5mg/ml, Dimethindene maleate - 0.25mg/ml Spray 239,204 L.L
R01AB06 NARIX G Xylometazoline HCl - 90mcg/actuation, Carbocisteine - 900mcg/actuation Spray 518,339 L.L
R01AD09 AVOCOM G Mometasone furoate - 0.05% 0.05% Spray 419,279 L.L
R01AD09 METASONE G Mometasone furoate - 50mcg/actuation 50mcg/actuation Spray 419,791 L.L
R01AD09 TABUNEX G Mometasone furoate - 0.05% 0.05% Spray 419,279 L.L
N02AB03 PECFENT B Fentanyl (citrate) - 400mcg/spray 400mcg/spray Spray 5,718,050 L.L
N02AB03 PECFENT B Fentanyl (citrate) - 100mcg/spray 100mcg/spray Spray 4,343,299 L.L
R01AX METASONE-D G Mometasone furoate - 50mcg/actuation, Oxymetazoline HCl - 25mcg/actuation Spray 534,977 L.L
R02A ANGINOVAG G Lidocaine HCl - 100mg/100ml, Hydrocortisone acetate - 60mg/100ml, Tyrothricin - 400mg/100ml, Dequalinium chloride - 100mg/100ml, ?-Glycerrhetinic acid - 60mg/100ml Spray 651,764 L.L
R02AA20 HEXASPRAY COLLUTOIRE PRESSURISE B Biclotymol - 750mg 750mg Spray 353,431 L.L
M01AE03 SOLKET INFLAMMATION AND PAIN G Ketoprofen Lysine salt - 0.16% 0.16% Spray 946,065 L.L
D11AX18 DILO G Diclofenac sodium - 8% 8% Spray 502,981 L.L
D04AB01 XYLOCAINE B Lidocaine - 10mg/spray dose 100mg/ml Spray 667,890 L.L
D04AB01 AVOCAINE G Lidocaine - 10% 10% Spray 620,855 L.L
D04AB01 PROCOMIL G Lidocaine - 10% 10% Spray 665,202 L.L
V01AA DIATER B Allergen extracts - Spray 26,856,672 L.L
V01AA DIATER B Allergen extracts - Spray 34,962,083 L.L
V01AA DIATER B Allergen extracts - Spray 35,697,531 L.L
V01AA DIATER B Allergen extracts - Spray 26,856,672 L.L
R05CB06 MUCOVIC FORTE G Ambroxol HCl - 30mg/5ml 30mg/5ml Solution, sugar free 293,086 L.L
R05CB06 MUCOVIC FORTE G Ambroxol HCl - 30mg/5ml 30mg/5ml Solution, sugar free 440,268 L.L
R06AE07 CETIMED G Cetirizine (dihydrochloride) - 5mg/5ml 5mg/5ml Solution 415,951 L.L
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