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Meningitis

Generalities
Agent There are several agents causing meningitis.
1) Main Bacteria:
- Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcus): Gram negative diplococci. Main invasive serotypes are A, B, C, W135, X, and Y.
- Haemophilus influenza: Gram negative cocco-bacilli. There are 6 serotypes from (a) to (f). The serotype (b) is responsible of invasive infection.
- Streptococcus pneumonia (pneumococcus): Gram positive diplococci. There are more than 90 serotypes.
- Leptospira: spirochetes, Leptospira interrogans (26 serogroups)
- Listeria monocytogenes: Gram positive, rod-shapped
- Other bacterial agents: Staphylococcus, enteric bacteria, group B streptococci, Mycobacterium tuberculosis…
2) Virus:
- Mumps
- Measles
- West Nile virus: a Flavivirus
- Enterovirus: including Coxsackieviruses A (2-4, 7, 9-10), Coxsackieviruses B (1-6), Echoviruses (2, 5-7, 9-11, 14, 18, 30), Enterovirus 71, Poliovirus (1-3)
- Herpes Simplex virus (types 1 and 2): family Herpesviridae
- Varicella-Zoster virus: Human (alpha) Herpesvirus 3 (varicella-zoster) from the group Herpesvirus
- Adenovirus: Adenovirus, several types (1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 7), genus Mastadenovirus, family Adenoviridae, - Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus: an Arenavirus
- Sandfly fever viruses: genus Phlebovirus, family Bunyaviridae. They include more than 60 antigenically distinct virus serotypes. Two main groups are identified: a) Sandfly fever group including the Naples serocomplex (Karimabad virus, Arabia virus, Massilia virus, Punique virus, Tehran virus, Toscana virus …) and Sicilian serocomplex; and b) Uukuniemi group
-Other virus: arboviruses…
3) Parasites: - Candida albicans, cryptococcus…
Incubation period varies with the agent
Period of transmissibility varies with the agent
Reservoir varies with the agent
Modes of transmission varies with the agent
Clinical presentation varies with the agent
Resources
Case definition - MOPH circular no. 52 (2007): Meningitis
- MOPH circular no. 63 (2007): Neisseria meningitidis
- MOPH circular no. 54 (2007): Haemophilus influenzae b
- MOPH circular no. 36 (2012): West Nile Virus
Forms - Meningitis reporting form
- Meningitis investigation form
Data - Weekly report
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ATC Name B/G Ingredients Dosage Form Price
N01AH01 FENTANYL PANPHARMA G Fentanyl - 0.1mg/2ml 0.1mg/2ml Injectable solution 1,101,951 L.L
S01EE03 LUMIGAN B Bimatoprost - 0.1mg/ml 0.1mg/ml Drops solution 740,457 L.L
H01CB02 SANDOSTATIN B Octreotide - 0.1mg/ml 0.1mg/ml Injectable solution 1,038,790 L.L
A03BA01 ATROPINE SULFATEAGUETTANT G Atropine - 0.1mg/ml 0.1mg/ml Injectable solution 7,805,376 L.L
C01CA24 ADRENALINE AGUETTANT G Adrenaline - 0.1mg/ml 0.1mg/ml Injectable solution 13,990,891 L.L
S01EE03 LUMIGAN B Bimatoprost - 0.1mg/ml 0.1mg/ml Drops solution 740,457 L.L
C01CA03 NORADRENALINE RENAUDIN G Norepinephrine tartrate - 8mg/4ml 0.2% Injectable solution 2,000,981 L.L
S01EA05 BGLAU G Brimonidine tartrate - 0.2% 0.2% Drops solution 638,325 L.L
S01EA05 BRIMO G Brimonidine tartrate - 0.2% 0.2% Drops solution 658,483 L.L
S01EA05 BRIMONIDINE BIOGARAN G Brimonidine tartrate - 2mg/ml 0.2% Drops solution 412,560 L.L
S01EA05 BRIMOGAN G Brimonidine tartrate - 0.2% w/v 0.2% w/v Drops solution 483,783 L.L
C05AE01 RECTOGESIC G Glyceryl trinitrate - 0.2% w/w 0.2% w/w Ointment 2,553,301 L.L
J01MA02 CIPROX G Ciprofloxacine (lactate) - 200mg/100ml 0.2%w/v Injectable solution 520,067 L.L
D07AC18 PEITEL B Prednicarbate - 0.25% 0.25% Cream 507,972 L.L
D03AX MEBO B ?-sitosterol - 0.25% 0.25% Ointment 760,615 L.L
D03AX HEALIN B G ?-sitosterol - 0.25% 0.25% Ointment 849,820 L.L
D03AX RENEBO G ?-sitosterol - 0.25% w/w 0.25% w/w Ointment 456,906 L.L
A11CC03 ONE-ALPHA B Alfacalcidol - 0.25mcg 0.25mcg Capsule 1,138,235 L.L
L01XK04 TALZENNA B Talazoparib - 0.25mg 0.25mg Capsule 133,836,699 L.L
A10BJ06 OZEMPIC B Semaglutide - 0.25mg 0.25mg Injectable solution 10,927,526 L.L
N05BA12 ALPRAZOLAM BIOGARAN G Alprazolam - 0.25mg 0.25mg Tablet, scored 115,570 L.L
H01CC02 CETROTIDE B Cetrorelix (acetate) - 0.25mg 0.25mg Injectable lyophilised powder for solution+diluent 3,420,079 L.L
H01CC02 CETROTIDE B Cetrorelix (acetate) - 0.25mg 0.25mg Injectable lyophilised powder for solution+diluent 21,354,452 L.L
H01CC02 CETROTIDE B Cetrorelix (acetate) - 0.25mg 0.25mg Injectable lyophilised powder for solution+diluent 21,354,452 L.L
H01CC02 CETROTIDE B Cetrorelix (acetate) - 0.25mg 0.25mg Injectable lyophilised powder for solution+diluent 3,420,079 L.L
L04AA42 MAYZENT B Siponimod - 0.25mg 0.25mg Tablet, film coated 15,102,158 L.L
L04AA42 MAYZENT B Siponimod - 0.25mg 0.25mg Tablet, film coated 124,258,444 L.L
C01AA05 LANOXIN B Digoxin - 0.25mg 0.25mg Tablet 215,015 L.L
H01CC01 ORGALUTRAN B Ganirelix - 0.25mg/0.5ml 0.25mg/0.5ml Injectable solution 2,383,977 L.L
H01CC01 ORGALUTRAN B Ganirelix - 0.25mg/0.5ml 0.25mg/0.5ml Injectable solution 2,383,977 L.L
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