Meningitis

Generalities
Agent	There are several agents causing meningitis. 1) Main Bacteria: - Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcus): Gram negative diplococci. Main invasive serotypes are A, B, C, W135, X, and Y. - Haemophilus influenza: Gram negative cocco-bacilli. There are 6 serotypes from (a) to (f). The serotype (b) is responsible of invasive infection. - Streptococcus pneumonia (pneumococcus): Gram positive diplococci. There are more than 90 serotypes. - Leptospira: spirochetes, Leptospira interrogans (26 serogroups) - Listeria monocytogenes: Gram positive, rod-shapped - Other bacterial agents: Staphylococcus, enteric bacteria, group B streptococci, Mycobacterium tuberculosis… 2) Virus: - Mumps - Measles - West Nile virus: a Flavivirus - Enterovirus: including Coxsackieviruses A (2-4, 7, 9-10), Coxsackieviruses B (1-6), Echoviruses (2, 5-7, 9-11, 14, 18, 30), Enterovirus 71, Poliovirus (1-3) - Herpes Simplex virus (types 1 and 2): family Herpesviridae - Varicella-Zoster virus: Human (alpha) Herpesvirus 3 (varicella-zoster) from the group Herpesvirus - Adenovirus: Adenovirus, several types (1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 7), genus Mastadenovirus, family Adenoviridae, - Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus: an Arenavirus - Sandfly fever viruses: genus Phlebovirus, family Bunyaviridae. They include more than 60 antigenically distinct virus serotypes. Two main groups are identified: a) Sandfly fever group including the Naples serocomplex (Karimabad virus, Arabia virus, Massilia virus, Punique virus, Tehran virus, Toscana virus …) and Sicilian serocomplex; and b) Uukuniemi group -Other virus: arboviruses… 3) Parasites: - Candida albicans, cryptococcus…
Incubation period	varies with the agent
Period of transmissibility	varies with the agent
Reservoir	varies with the agent
Modes of transmission	varies with the agent
Clinical presentation	varies with the agent
Resources
Case definition	- MOPH circular no. 52 (2007): Meningitis - MOPH circular no. 63 (2007): Neisseria meningitidis - MOPH circular no. 54 (2007): Haemophilus influenzae b - MOPH circular no. 36 (2012): West Nile Virus
Forms	- Meningitis reporting form - Meningitis investigation form
Data	- Weekly report

ATC	Name	B/G	Ingredients	Form	Price
J01DH51	IMIPENEM-CILASTATIN LABATEC	G	Imipenem (monohydrate) - 500mg, Cilastatin (sodium) - 500mg	Injectable powder for solution	8,922,845 L.L
B05BB01	SERUFLEX LACTATED RINGER'S INJECTION, USP	G	Sodium lactate - 3.1g/l, Calcium chloride, 2H2O - 0.2g/l, Potassium chloride - 0.3g/l, Sodium chloride - 6g/l	Injectable solution	216,046 L.L
B05ZA	CONCENTRATE SOLUTION FOR HEMODIALYSIS LS	G	Potassium chloride - K+:1.5 mmol/l, Magnesium chloride - Mg++:0.75 mmol/l, Calcium chloride - Ca++:1.75 mmol/l, Sodium acetate - Cl-:111.5 mmol/l, Sodium chloride - Na+:140 mmol/l	Injectable solution	L.L
C09DX	LOSANET AM PLUS	G	Losartan potassium - 100mg, Amlodipine - 10mg, Hydrochlorothiazide - 12.5mg	Tablet	1,044,358 L.L
J01DH51	IMIPENEME CILASTATINE PANPHARMA	G	Imipenem (monohydrate) - 500mg, Cilastatin (sodium) - 500mg	Injectable powder for solution	10,840,366 L.L
P03AX01	SPIDOGALE	G	Benzyl benzoate - 10g/100ml, Sulfur colloïdal - 5g/100ml	Lotion	207,336 L.L
A03BB01	ANTIPAN	G	Hyoscine N butylbromide - 20mg/ml	Injectable solution	355,798 L.L
B05BB01	LACTATED RINGER'S	G	Sodium lactate - 0.31g/100ml, Calcium chloride, 2H2O - 0.02g/100ml, Potassium chloride - 0.03g/100ml, Sodium chloride - 0.598g/100ml	Injectable solution	234,862 L.L
B05ZA	CONCENTRATE SOLUTION FOR HEMODIALYSIS LS2	G	Potassium chloride - K+:1.5 mmol/l, Magnesium chloride - Mg++:0.75 mmol/l, Calcium chloride - Ca++:1.5 mmol/l, Sodium acetate - Cl-:111 mmol/l, Sodium chloride - Na+:140 mmol/l	Injectable solution	L.L
C09DX	LOSANET AM PLUS	G	Losartan potassium - 100mg, Amlodipine - 5mg, Hydrochlorothiazide - 12.5mg	Tablet	1,044,358 L.L
J01DH51	SYNERGIC	G	Imipenem - 500mg, Cilastatin - 500mg	Injectable powder	1,142,266 L.L
A03BB01	ANTIPAN	G	Hyoscine N butylbromide - 20mg/ml	Injectable solution	2,557,140 L.L
B05BB01	LACTATED RINGER'S	G	Sodium lactate - 0.31g/100ml, Calcium chloride, 2H2O - 0.02g/100ml, Potassium chloride - 0.03g/100ml, Sodium chloride - 0.598g/100ml	Injectable solution	268,908 L.L
B05ZA	CONCENTRATE SOLUTION FOR HEMODIALYSIS LS3	G	Potassium chloride - K+:2.00 mmol/l, Magnesium chloride - Mg++:0.75 mmol/l, Calcium chloride - Ca++:1.60 mmol/l, Sodium acetate - Cl-:112 mmol/l, Sodium chloride - Na+:140 mmol/l	Injectable solution	L.L
C09DX01	EXFORGE HCT	B	Valsartan - 160mg, Amlodipine - 5mg, Hydrochlorothiazide - 25mg	Tablet, film coated	1,333,092 L.L
B05BB01	LACTATED RINGER'S INJECTION, USP	G	Sodium lactate - 3.1g/l, Calcium chloride, 2H2O - 0.2g/l, Potassium chloride - 0.3g/l, Sodium chloride - 6g/l	Injectable solution	232,134 L.L
B05ZA	CONCENTRATE SOLUTION FOR HEMODIALYSIS R	G	Potassium chloride - K+:1.00 mmol/l, Magnesium chloride - Mg++:0.75 mmol/l, Calcium chloride - Ca++:1.40 mmol/l, Sodium acetate - Cl-:105.8 mmol/l, Sodium chloride - Na+:140.5 mmol/l	Injectable solution	L.L
C09DX01	VIOSTAN AM PLUS 160/5/25	G	Valsartan - 160mg, Amlodipine - 5mg, Hydrochlorothiazide - 25mg	Tablet, film coated	1,196,020 L.L
D05AX52	BETA-CAL	G	Calcipotriol (monohydrate) - 50mcg/g, Betamethasone (dipropionate) - 0.5mg/g	Ointment	1,574,983 L.L
B05BB01	LR	G	Sodium lactate - 0.3g/100ml, Calcium chloride, 2H2O - 0.02g/100ml, Potassium chloride - 0.03g/100ml, Sodium chloride - 0.598g/100ml	Injectable solution	234,862 L.L
B05ZA	CONCENTRATE SOLUTIONFOR HEMODIALYSIS TYPE A	G	Hemodialytics, concentrates -	Injectable solution	L.L
C09DX01	EXFORGE HCT	B	Valsartan - 160mg, Amlodipine - 10mg, Hydrochlorothiazide - 12.5mg	Tablet, film coated	1,417,754 L.L
D05AX52	DAIVOBET	B	Calcipotriol - 50mcg/g, Betamethasone - 0.5mg/g	Gel	2,100,426 L.L
G03FB01	PROGYLUTON	B	Norgestrel - 0.5mg (tablet 2), Estradiol valerate - 2mg (tablet 1, tablet 2)	Tablet	193,513 L.L
J01DI54	ZERBAXA	B	Ceftolozane Sulfate - 1g, Tazobactam (sodium) - 0.5g	Injectable powder for concentrate for solution	74,780,802 L.L
B05BB01	SERUFLEX LACTATED RINGER'S INJECTION, USP	G	Sodium lactate - 3.1g/l, Calcium chloride, 2H2O - 0.2g/l, Potassium chloride - 0.3g/l, Sodium chloride - 6g/l	Injectable solution	232,134 L.L
B05ZA	CONCENTRATE SOLUTION FOR HEMODIALYSIS TYPE B+	G	Hemodialytics, concentrates -	Injectable solution	L.L
C09DX01	LOTEVAN PLUS	G	Valsartan - 160mg, Amlodipine - 10mg, Hydrochlorothiazide - 12.5mg	Tablet, film coated	911,125 L.L
D05AX52	BETA-CAL	G	Calcipotriol (monohydrate) - 50mcg/g, Betamethasone (dipropionate) - 0.5mg/g	Gel	1,251,117 L.L
J01EE01	PAEDIATRIC CO-TRIMOXAZOLE MIXTURE	G	Trimethoprim - 40mg/5ml, Sulfamethoxazole - 200mg/5ml	Suspension	190,698 L.L