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Meningitis

Generalities
Agent There are several agents causing meningitis.
1) Main Bacteria:
- Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcus): Gram negative diplococci. Main invasive serotypes are A, B, C, W135, X, and Y.
- Haemophilus influenza: Gram negative cocco-bacilli. There are 6 serotypes from (a) to (f). The serotype (b) is responsible of invasive infection.
- Streptococcus pneumonia (pneumococcus): Gram positive diplococci. There are more than 90 serotypes.
- Leptospira: spirochetes, Leptospira interrogans (26 serogroups)
- Listeria monocytogenes: Gram positive, rod-shapped
- Other bacterial agents: Staphylococcus, enteric bacteria, group B streptococci, Mycobacterium tuberculosis…
2) Virus:
- Mumps
- Measles
- West Nile virus: a Flavivirus
- Enterovirus: including Coxsackieviruses A (2-4, 7, 9-10), Coxsackieviruses B (1-6), Echoviruses (2, 5-7, 9-11, 14, 18, 30), Enterovirus 71, Poliovirus (1-3)
- Herpes Simplex virus (types 1 and 2): family Herpesviridae
- Varicella-Zoster virus: Human (alpha) Herpesvirus 3 (varicella-zoster) from the group Herpesvirus
- Adenovirus: Adenovirus, several types (1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 7), genus Mastadenovirus, family Adenoviridae, - Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus: an Arenavirus
- Sandfly fever viruses: genus Phlebovirus, family Bunyaviridae. They include more than 60 antigenically distinct virus serotypes. Two main groups are identified: a) Sandfly fever group including the Naples serocomplex (Karimabad virus, Arabia virus, Massilia virus, Punique virus, Tehran virus, Toscana virus …) and Sicilian serocomplex; and b) Uukuniemi group
-Other virus: arboviruses…
3) Parasites: - Candida albicans, cryptococcus…
Incubation period varies with the agent
Period of transmissibility varies with the agent
Reservoir varies with the agent
Modes of transmission varies with the agent
Clinical presentation varies with the agent
Resources
Case definition MOPH circular no. 52 (2007): Meningitis
MOPH circular no. 63 (2007): Neisseria meningitidis
MOPH circular no. 54 (2007): Haemophilus influenzae b
MOPH circular no. 36 (2012): West Nile Virus
Forms - Meningitis reporting form
- Meningitis investigation form
Data - Weekly report
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ATC Name B/G Ingredients Dosage Form Price
B05 SOLUFLEX POTASSIUM CHLORIDE 20meq/l SODIUM CHLORIDE 0.9% INJECTION USP G Sodium chloride - 0.9%, Potassium chloride - 20meq/l Injectable solution 232,134 L.L
B05XA03 SODIUM CHLORIDE 0.9% INJECTION, USP G Sodium chloride - 0.9% 0.9% Injectable solution 163,184 L.L
H02AB02 DEXAMETHASONE SODIUM PHOSPHATE USP - EIPICO G Dexamethasone (sodium phosphate) - 8mg/2ml 8mg/2ml Injectable solution 185,450 L.L
B05AA01 ALBUTEIN BioHuman Human Albumin - 20% 20% Injectable solution 7,154,928 L.L
B05XA03 SODIUM CHLORIDE 0.9% INJECTION, USP G Sodium chloride - 0.9% 0.9% Injectable solution 156,288 L.L
H02AB02 DEXASINA G Dexamethasone Phosphate - 8mg/2ml 8mg/2ml Injectable solution 3,471,145 L.L
L01FG01 BEVACIREL BioTech Bevacizumab - 100mg/4ml 100mg/4ml Injectable solution 14,719,570 L.L
B05AA01 ALBUTEIN BioHuman Human Albumin - 20% Injectable solution 4,031,528 L.L
B05XA03 SODIUM CHLORIDE INJECTION/ DEMO G Sodium chloride - 0.9% w/v 0.9% w/v Injectable solution 1,182,581 L.L
H02AB02 RADOLINE G Dexamethasone sodium phosphate - 8mg/2ml 8mg/2ml Injectable solution 3,711,565 L.L
A03BA01 ATROPINE G Atropine sulfate - 1mg/ml 1mg/ml Injectable solution 702,149 L.L
B05AA01 HUMAN ALBUMIN "OCTAPHARMA" 20% BioHuman Albumin human - 20% 20% Injectable solution 4,863,366 L.L
B05XA03 SODIUM CHLORIDE INJECTION/ DEMO G Sodium chloride - 0.9% w/v 0.9% w/v Injectable solution 1,419,098 L.L
A03BA01 ATROPINE SULFATE RENAUDIN G Atropine sulfate - 1mg/ml 0.1% Injectable solution 397,777 L.L
B05AA01 HUMAN ALBUMIN 20% SOLUTION BioHuman Albumin human - 20% 20% Injectable solution 4,177,896 L.L
B05XA03 SODIUM CHLORIDE INJECTION/ DEMO G Sodium chloride - 0.9% w/v 0.9% w/v Injectable solution 567,102 L.L
H02AB02 DEXAMETHASON-PANPHARMA G Dexamethasone - 5mg/1ml 5mg/1ml Injectable solution 368,213 L.L
A03BA01 ATROPINE I.V. 0.25 MG. G Atropine - 0.25mg/ml 0.25mg/ml Injectable solution 2,412,129 L.L
B05AA01 HUMAN ALBUMIN BEHRING 20%, LOW SALT BioHuman Albumin human - 20% 20% Injectable solution 4,177,896 L.L
B05XA03 SOLUFLEX SODIUM CHLORIDE 0.9% INJECTION USP G Sodium chloride - 0.9% 0.9% Injectable solution 180,421 L.L
H02AB02 DEXAMETHASONE MEDIS G Dexamethasone Phosphate - 4mg/1ml 4mg/1ml Injectable solution 1,154,361 L.L
N02BG06 ACUPAN B Nefopam HCl - 20mg 20mg Injectable solution 365,525 L.L
A03BA01 ATROPINE G Atropine sulfate - 0.5mg/ml 0.5mg/ml Injectable solution 680,315 L.L
B05AA01 PLASBUMIN-20 ALBUMIN (HUMAN) BioHuman Albumin human - 20% 20% Injectable solution 3,641,813 L.L
B05XA03 SOLUFLEX SODIUM CHLORIDE 0.9% INJECTION USP G Sodium chloride - 0.9% 0.9% Injectable solution 180,421 L.L
L01FG01 ZIRABEV BioTech Bevacizumab - 100mg/4ml 100mg/4ml Injectable solution 14,800,115 L.L
N02BG06 NEO-PAN G Nefopam HCl - 20mg/ml 20mg/ml Injectable solution 494,534 L.L
A03BA01 ATROPINE SULFATE RENAUDIN G Atropine sulfate - 0.5mg/ml 0.5mg Injectable solution 385,683 L.L
B05AA01 UMAN ALBUMIN BioHuman Albumin human - 20g/100ml 10g/50ml Injectable solution 3,598,810 L.L
B05XA03 SOLUFLEX SODIUM CHLORIDE 0.9% INJECTION, USP G Sodium chloride - 0.9% 0.9% Injectable solution 218,344 L.L
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