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Meningitis

Generalities
Agent There are several agents causing meningitis.
1) Main Bacteria:
- Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcus): Gram negative diplococci. Main invasive serotypes are A, B, C, W135, X, and Y.
- Haemophilus influenza: Gram negative cocco-bacilli. There are 6 serotypes from (a) to (f). The serotype (b) is responsible of invasive infection.
- Streptococcus pneumonia (pneumococcus): Gram positive diplococci. There are more than 90 serotypes.
- Leptospira: spirochetes, Leptospira interrogans (26 serogroups)
- Listeria monocytogenes: Gram positive, rod-shapped
- Other bacterial agents: Staphylococcus, enteric bacteria, group B streptococci, Mycobacterium tuberculosis…
2) Virus:
- Mumps
- Measles
- West Nile virus: a Flavivirus
- Enterovirus: including Coxsackieviruses A (2-4, 7, 9-10), Coxsackieviruses B (1-6), Echoviruses (2, 5-7, 9-11, 14, 18, 30), Enterovirus 71, Poliovirus (1-3)
- Herpes Simplex virus (types 1 and 2): family Herpesviridae
- Varicella-Zoster virus: Human (alpha) Herpesvirus 3 (varicella-zoster) from the group Herpesvirus
- Adenovirus: Adenovirus, several types (1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 7), genus Mastadenovirus, family Adenoviridae, - Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus: an Arenavirus
- Sandfly fever viruses: genus Phlebovirus, family Bunyaviridae. They include more than 60 antigenically distinct virus serotypes. Two main groups are identified: a) Sandfly fever group including the Naples serocomplex (Karimabad virus, Arabia virus, Massilia virus, Punique virus, Tehran virus, Toscana virus …) and Sicilian serocomplex; and b) Uukuniemi group
-Other virus: arboviruses…
3) Parasites: - Candida albicans, cryptococcus…
Incubation period varies with the agent
Period of transmissibility varies with the agent
Reservoir varies with the agent
Modes of transmission varies with the agent
Clinical presentation varies with the agent
Resources
Case definition - MOPH circular no. 52 (2007): Meningitis
- MOPH circular no. 63 (2007): Neisseria meningitidis
- MOPH circular no. 54 (2007): Haemophilus influenzae b
- MOPH circular no. 36 (2012): West Nile Virus
Forms - Meningitis reporting form
- Meningitis investigation form
Data - Weekly report
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ATC Name B/G Ingredients Dosage Form Price
S01ED51 DORZOPTIC PLUS G Timolol - 0.5%, Dorzolamide HCl - 2% Drops solution 548,288 L.L
A10BD15 DIAFLOZIN PLUS G Metformin HCl XR - 1000mg, Dapagliflozin - 5mg Tablet, film coated 1,241,710 L.L
A10BD15 DIVINUSMET XR G Dapagliflozin - 5mg, Metformin HCl XR - 1000mg Tablet, extended release 2,900,012 L.L
B05BB02 DEXTROSE 5% IN LACTATED RINGER'S G Sodium lactate - 0.31g/100ml, Calcium chloride 2H2O - 0.02g/100ml, Potassium chloride - 0.03g/100ml, Sodium chloride - 0.598g/100ml, Dextrose, H2O - 5g/100ml Injectable solution 207,404 L.L
A10BD15 DIAFLOZIN PLUS G Metformin HCl XR - 1000mg, Dapagliflozin - 10mg Tablet, film coated 2,483,421 L.L
B05BB02 DEXTROSE 5% & SODIUM CHLORIDE 0.2% G Sodium chloride - 0.2g/100ml, Dextrose, H2O - 5g/100ml Injectable solution 194,165 L.L
S01ED51 DUOTRAV B Timolol (maleate) - 5mg, Travoprost - 40mcg Drops solution 1,933,789 L.L
A10BD15 DIVINUSMET XR G Dapagliflozin - 10mg, Metformin HCl XR - 1000mg Tablet, extended release 2,775,035 L.L
B05BB02 DEXTROSE 5% & SODIUM CHLORIDE 0.2% G Sodium chloride - 0.2g/100ml, Dextrose, H2O - 5g/100ml Injectable solution 220,643 L.L
B05BB02 DEXTROSE 5% & SODIUM CHLORIDE 0.3% G Sodium chloride - 0.3g/100ml, Dextrose, H2O - 5g/100ml Injectable solution 188,772 L.L
B05BB02 DEXTROSE 5% & SODIUM CHLORIDE 0.3% G Sodium chloride - 0.3g/100ml, Dextrose, H2O - 5g/100ml Injectable solution 204,554 L.L
B05BB02 DEXTROSE 5% & SODIUM CHLORIDE 0.3% G Sodium chloride - 0.3g/100ml, Dextrose, H2O - 5g/100ml Injectable solution 220,643 L.L
D07AC01 DIPROSONE B Betamethasone (dipropionate) - 0.5mg/g 0.05% Cream 291,614 L.L
D07AD01 DECLOBAN G Clobetasol (propionate) - 0.05% 0.05% Cream 302,045 L.L
D07AD01 DERMASONE G Clobetasol (propionate) - 0.05% 0.05% Cream 119,026 L.L
D07AD01 DECLOBAN G Clobetasol (propionate) - 0.05% 0.05% Ointment 302,045 L.L
S01XA18 DRYFREE G Ciclosporin - 0.05% 0.05% Drops 2,257,655 L.L
R01AA07 DECOZAL G Xylometazoline HCl - 0.05% 0.05% Metered dose spray 155,886 L.L
R01AA07 DECOZAL G Xylometazoline HCl - 0.05% 0.05% Metered dose spray 108,851 L.L
D07AD01 DERMOVATE B Clobetasol (propionate) - 0.5mg/g 0.05% w/w Cream 245,923 L.L
D07AD01 DERMOVATE B Clobetasol (propionate) - 0.5mg/g 0.05% w/w Cream 245,923 L.L
D07AD01 DERMOVATE B Clobetasol (propionate) - 0.5mg/g 0.05% w/w Ointment 245,923 L.L
D07AD01 DERMOVATE B Clobetasol (propionate) - 0.5mg/g 0.05% w/w Ointment 245,923 L.L
D10AD03 DIFFERIN B Adapalene - 0.1g/100g 0.1% Cream 521,411 L.L
D10AD03 DIFADERM G Adapalene - 0.1% 0.1% Gel 414,671 L.L
D10AD03 DIFFERIN B Adapalene - 0.1g/100g 0.1% Gel 503,941 L.L
R01AA07 DECOZAL G Xylometazoline HCl - 0.1% 0.1% Metered dose spray 147,823 L.L
R01AA07 DECOZAL G Xylometazoline HCl - 0.1% 0.1% Drops 145,135 L.L
S01BC03 DICLOFTIL G Diclofenac sodium - 0.1% 0.1% Drops solution 1,038,790 L.L
L02AE04 DECAPEPTYL B Triptorelin - 0.1mg 0.1mg Injectable lyophilised powder for solution+diluent 2,366,507 L.L
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