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Coronavirus: invasive/novel

Generalities
Agent Coronaviruses belong to a large family of viruses that can cause diseases ranging from the common cold to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS).
1) Classical coronavirus: viruses that can infect humans and animals.
- Human coronavirus (HCoV): causing mild illness (229E, OC43, NL63, and HKU1...)
- Animal coronavirus: may infect pigs, domestic and wild birds, bats, rodents, dogs, cats and cattle. They cause acute and chronic diseases in animals such as respiratory and gastro-enteric diseases, neurologic diseases, and liver disease.
2) Novel coronavirus:
- Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS-CoV) who caused a large outbreak in 2002-2003.
- Middle East respiratory syndrome–Novel Coronavirus (MERS-CoV): first identified in 2012
- Novel Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19)
Incubation period - HCoV: 2-4 days
- SARS-CoV: 2-10 days (mean; 5 days)
- MERS-CoV: 2-14 days
- COVID-19: 4-7 days (up to 14 days)
Period of transmissibility - HCoV: during the active disease
- SARS-CoV: from onset to 21 days
- MERS-CoV: during illness. The duration of infectivity after resolution of symptoms is unknown.
- COVID-19: usually during illness
Reservoir - HCoV: Humans
- SARS-CoV: cave-dwelling bats (genus Rhinolophus), Himalayan masked palm civet (Paguma larvata), other wildlife animals
- MERS-CoV: may be camels and bats
Modes of transmission - HCoV: person-to-person transmission via repiratory droplets, aerosls, fecal oral route, fomites
- SARS-CoV: 1) Animal-to-person; 2) Person-to-person: while caring for, or living with a patient; via respiratory secretions, via body fluids; or airborne (aerosolized sewage, mechanical ventilation...)
- MERS-CoV: 1) Limited person-to-person transmission: close contact, when providing unprotected care to a patient; 2) Suspected animal-to-person transmission via droplet contact, fomite transmission, food-borne, airbone
- COVID-19: 1) Person-to-person: droplets (directly or indirectly), aerosol generating medical procedures, 2) Animal-to-peron
Clinical presentation - HCoV: usually self-limited illness as upper respiratory infection, otitis media, gastroenteritis. Complications: pneumonia, encephalitis, peritonitis...
- SARS-CoV: pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Global case fatality in 2003: 10%.
- MERS-CoV: usually, acute lower respiratory infection with or without gastrointestinal symptoms. It may be asymptomatic. The illness may be severe in people with chronic medical conditions. It may evolve to respiratory failure, organ failure (as renal failure), septic shock... Global case fatality: 27%.
- COVID-19: usually acute respiratory infection
Resources
Case definition - MOPH circular no. 35 (2012): SARS-CoV
- MOPH circular no. 37 (2014): MERS-CoV
- MOPH circular no. 42 (2020): COVID-19
Forms - General reporting form
- Novel Coronavirus reporting form
- Laboratory request form
- Patient transfert request form
- SARS-CoV investigation form
- MERS-CoV investigation form
Data - SARS-CoV: No SARS-CoV was detected in Lebanon in 2003
- MERS-CoV: 2 cases detected and confirmed in 2014 and 2017
- COVID-19: Daily report on COVID-19
Other Resources - Specimen collection for COVID-19
- Questions and Answers
- Presentation: coronavirus, A, E
- Presentation: resources, A, E
- Presentation: questions and answers, A, E
- Presentation: case definition, A, E
- Presentation: specimen collection, A, E
- Presentation: areas with community transmission, A, E
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ATC Name B/G Ingredients Dosage Form Price
V07AB01 EAU POUR PREPARATION INJECTABLE PROAMP G Water for injection - Water for injection, irrigation 795,555 L.L
A06AB05 HUILE DE RICIN G Castor oil - Liquid 163,821 L.L
A10BD19 EMPAGLINE G Empagliflozin - 25mg, Linagliptin - 5mg Tablet, film coated 2,237,050 L.L
B05BC01 MANNITOL 20% INJECTION USP G Mannitol - 20% 20% Injectable solution 344,754 L.L
C01EB17 IVABRADINE ARROW G Ivabradine (HCl) - 5mg 5mg Tablet, film coated, scored 1,323,685 L.L
C09AA05 NORMOPRIL G Ramipril - 10mg 10mg Tablet 599,354 L.L
C10AA05 ATORVA TAD G Atorvastatin - 10mg 10mg Tablet, film coated 677,297 L.L
J01CA04 AMOXICILLINE INJ. G Amoxicillin (sodium) - 1g 1g Injectable powder for solution 1,173,175 L.L
L01EA02 ELPIDA G Dasatinib - 20mg 20mg Tablet, film coated 103,165,573 L.L
M01AB16 ACECLOFAR G Aceclofenac - 100mg 100mg Tablet 131,697 L.L
N01BB02 LIDOCAINE- ORBUCELL G Lidocaine HCl - 2% 2% Injectable solution 1,787,950 L.L
N03AX14 LEVIPRAM 500 G Levetiracetam - 500mg 500mg Tablet, film coated 1,663,805 L.L
N05CD08 MIDAZOLAM HAMELN G Midazolam (HCl) - 5mg/ml 5mg/ml Injectable solution 561,726 L.L
P02DA01 TENIADEX G Niclosamide - 500mg 500mg Tablet 70,392 L.L
R06AD02 PROMETAL G Promethazine - 25mg 25mg Tablet 8,003,607 L.L
V07AB01 EAU POUR PREPARATIONS INJECTABLES RENAUDIN G Water for injection - Water for injection, irrigation 266,081 L.L
A06AB07 COLON-X G Frangula Purshiana - 62.5mg, Plantago Afra - 100mg, Foeniculum Vulgare - 50mg, Zingiber Officinale - 50mg, Aniseed powder - 20mg, Glycyrrhiza Glabra - 12.5mg, Senna Alexandrina - 25mg Tablet, film coated 833,182 L.L
B01AF01 RIBAVAN G Rivaroxaban - 2.5mg 2.5mg Tablet, film coated 3,199,625 L.L
B05BC01 MANNITOL 20% INJECTION, USP G Mannitol - 20g/100ml 20g/100ml Injectable solution 402,213 L.L
C09AA05 RAMIPRIL-REMEDICA G Ramipril - 10mg 10mg Tablet 896,343 L.L
C10AA05 ATORVAKEY-10 G Atorvastatin (calcium) - 10mg 10mg Tablet, film coated 362,837 L.L
J01CA04 AMOXICILLINE PANPHARMA G Amoxicillin (sodium) - 1g 1g Injectable powder for solution 2,734,719 L.L
J01FA10 APO-AZITHROMYCIN Z G Azithromycin - 250mg 250mg Tablet 481,096 L.L
L01EA02 DASATINIB NEAPOLIS G Dasatinib - 140mg 140mg Tablet, film coated 254,729,810 L.L
M01AB16 ARACENAC G Aceclofenac - 100mg 100mg Tablet, film coated 330,585 L.L
N01BB02 LIDOCAINE PANPHARMA 2% G Lidocaine (HCl) - 20mg/ml 2% Injectable solution 3,398,578 L.L
N03AX14 ZITERA G Levetiracetam - 500mg 500mg Tablet, film coated 2,203,902 L.L
N05CD08 MIDAZOLAM PANPHARMA G Midazolam - 5mg/ml 5mg/ml Injectable solution 826,463 L.L
P03AB02 GAMMA BENZENE HEXACHLORIDE G Lindane - 1% 1% Shampoo 195,817 L.L
V07AB01 STERILE WATER FOR INJECTION G Water for Injection - Water for injection, irrigation 188,772 L.L
    ...
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