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Coronavirus: invasive/novel

Generalities
Agent Coronaviruses belong to a large family of viruses that can cause diseases ranging from the common cold to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS).
1) Classical coronavirus: viruses that can infect humans and animals.
- Human coronavirus (HCoV): causing mild illness (229E, OC43, NL63, and HKU1...)
- Animal coronavirus: may infect pigs, domestic and wild birds, bats, rodents, dogs, cats and cattle. They cause acute and chronic diseases in animals such as respiratory and gastro-enteric diseases, neurologic diseases, and liver disease.
2) Novel coronavirus:
- Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS-CoV) who caused a large outbreak in 2002-2003.
- Middle East respiratory syndrome–Novel Coronavirus (MERS-CoV): first identified in 2012
- Novel Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19)
Incubation period - HCoV: 2-4 days
- SARS-CoV: 2-10 days (mean; 5 days)
- MERS-CoV: 2-14 days
- COVID-19: 4-7 days (up to 14 days)
Period of transmissibility - HCoV: during the active disease
- SARS-CoV: from onset to 21 days
- MERS-CoV: during illness. The duration of infectivity after resolution of symptoms is unknown.
- COVID-19: usually during illness
Reservoir - HCoV: Humans
- SARS-CoV: cave-dwelling bats (genus Rhinolophus), Himalayan masked palm civet (Paguma larvata), other wildlife animals
- MERS-CoV: may be camels and bats
Modes of transmission - HCoV: person-to-person transmission via repiratory droplets, aerosls, fecal oral route, fomites
- SARS-CoV: 1) Animal-to-person; 2) Person-to-person: while caring for, or living with a patient; via respiratory secretions, via body fluids; or airborne (aerosolized sewage, mechanical ventilation...)
- MERS-CoV: 1) Limited person-to-person transmission: close contact, when providing unprotected care to a patient; 2) Suspected animal-to-person transmission via droplet contact, fomite transmission, food-borne, airbone
- COVID-19: 1) Person-to-person: droplets (directly or indirectly), aerosol generating medical procedures, 2) Animal-to-peron
Clinical presentation - HCoV: usually self-limited illness as upper respiratory infection, otitis media, gastroenteritis. Complications: pneumonia, encephalitis, peritonitis...
- SARS-CoV: pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Global case fatality in 2003: 10%.
- MERS-CoV: usually, acute lower respiratory infection with or without gastrointestinal symptoms. It may be asymptomatic. The illness may be severe in people with chronic medical conditions. It may evolve to respiratory failure, organ failure (as renal failure), septic shock... Global case fatality: 27%.
- COVID-19: usually acute respiratory infection
Resources
Case definition - MOPH circular no. 35 (2012): SARS-CoV
- MOPH circular no. 37 (2014): MERS-CoV
- MOPH circular no. 42 (2020): COVID-19
Forms - General reporting form
- Novel Coronavirus reporting form
- Laboratory request form
- Patient transfert request form
- SARS-CoV investigation form
- MERS-CoV investigation form
Data - SARS-CoV: No SARS-CoV was detected in Lebanon in 2003
- MERS-CoV: 2 cases detected and confirmed in 2014 and 2017
- COVID-19: Daily report on COVID-19
Other Resources - Specimen collection for COVID-19
- Questions and Answers
- Presentation: coronavirus, A, E
- Presentation: resources, A, E
- Presentation: questions and answers, A, E
- Presentation: case definition, A, E
- Presentation: specimen collection, A, E
- Presentation: areas with community transmission, A, E
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ATC Name B/G Ingredients Dosage Form Price
A10BD19 EMPAGLINE G Empagliflozin - 25mg, Linagliptin - 5mg Tablet, film coated 2,237,050 L.L
B05BC01 OSMITOL G Mannitol - 20g/100ml 20g/100ml Injectable solution 579,064 L.L
C01EB17 IVABRADINE ARROW G Ivabradine (HCl) - 7.5mg 7.5mg Tablet, film coated, scored 1,323,685 L.L
C09BA01 CAPTACE PLUS G Hydrochlorothiazide - 25mg, Captopril - 50mg Tablet, scored 1,028,487 L.L
C10AA05 ATORVASTATINE ARROW GENERIQUES G Atorvastatin - 10mg 10mg Tablet, coated 567,102 L.L
G04BD08 SOLIFAS G Solifenacin succinate - 5mg 5mg Tablet, film coated 971,598 L.L
J01CR02 VAAMOX IV G Amoxicillin - 1g, Clavulanic Acid - 200mg Injectable powder 2,150,148 L.L
J01FA10 ZETRON G Azithromycin (dihydrate) - 250mg 250mg Capsule 360,150 L.L
L02BG04 APO-LETROZOLE G Letrozole - 2.5mg 2.5mg Tablet 1,962,010 L.L
M01AB55 DIOXAFLEX B12 G Diclofenac sodium - 75mg, Betamethasone (sodium phosphate) - 2mg, Hydroxocobalamin sulphate - 10mg Injectable solution 620,855 L.L
N01BB52 DILOCAIN 2% G Lidocaine HCl - 20mg/1.7ml, Epinephrine (bitartrate) - 0.0125mg/1.7ml Injectable solution 2,768,316 L.L
N03AX14 LEVETIRACETAM ARROW G Levetiracetam - 100mg/ml 100mg/ml Solution 1,639,488 L.L
R06AE07 FINALLERG G Cetirizine (dihydrochloride) - 10mg 10mg Tablet, film coated 342,680 L.L
V07AB01 WATER FOR INJECTION G Water for Injection - Water for injection, irrigation 2,032,899 L.L
A06AB07 COLON-X G Frangula Purshiana - 62.5mg, Plantago Afra - 100mg, Foeniculum Vulgare - 50mg, Zingiber Officinale - 50mg, Aniseed powder - 20mg, Glycyrrhiza Glabra - 12.5mg, Senna Alexandrina - 25mg Tablet, film coated 833,182 L.L
B01AF01 RIBAVAN G Rivaroxaban - 2.5mg 2.5mg Tablet, film coated 3,199,625 L.L
B05BC01 SERUFLEX MANNITOL 20% INJECTION, USP G Mannitol - 20g/100ml 20g/100ml Injectable solution 402,213 L.L
C10AA05 JOSWE ATORVAST 10 G Atorvastatin - 10mg 10mg Caplet, film coated 849,308 L.L
G04BD08 SOLIFENACINE ARROW G Solifenacin succinate - 5mg 5mg Tablet 952,784 L.L
J01FA10 ZEVLEN G Azithromycin (dihydrate) - 250mg 250mg Tablet, film coated 409,552 L.L
L02BG04 FEMAPLEX G Letrozole - 2.5mg 2.5mg Tablet, film coated 1,583,046 L.L
M01AB55 PANCLO B12 G Diclofenac sodium - 75mg, Betamethasone disodium phosphate - 2mg, Hydroxocobalamin sulphate - 10mg Injectable solution 1,158,392 L.L
N01BB53 MEDICAINE 2% WITH ADRENALINE G Mepivacaine HCl - 36mg/1.8ml, Epinephrine (tartrate) - 0.032mg/1.8ml Injectable solution 1,652,926 L.L
N03AX14 LEVETRIMED G Levetiracetam - 100mg/ml 100mg/ml Solution 1,336,163 L.L
V07AB01 WATER FOR INJECTION G Water for Injection - Water for injection, irrigation 4,365,735 L.L
B05BC01 SOLUFLEX MANNITOL 20% INJECTION, USP G Mannitol - 20g/100ml 20g/100ml Injectable solution 603,320 L.L
C09BA03 TENSIKEY COMPLEX G Lisinopril - 20mg, Hydrochlorothiazide - 12.5mg Tablet 536,193 L.L
C10AA05 LIPODAR G Atorvastatin (calcium) - 10mg 10mg Tablet, film coated 1,323,685 L.L
G04BD08 URICARE G Solifenacin succinate - 5mg 5mg Tablet, film coated 1,334,884 L.L
J01CR02 AMOCLAN G Amoxicillin (trihydrate) - 125mg/5ml, Clavulanic Acid (potassium) - 31.25mg/5ml 156mg/5ml Powder for suspension 159,917 L.L
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