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Coronavirus: invasive/novel

Generalities
Agent Coronaviruses belong to a large family of viruses that can cause diseases ranging from the common cold to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS).
1) Classical coronavirus: viruses that can infect humans and animals.
- Human coronavirus (HCoV): causing mild illness (229E, OC43, NL63, and HKU1...)
- Animal coronavirus: may infect pigs, domestic and wild birds, bats, rodents, dogs, cats and cattle. They cause acute and chronic diseases in animals such as respiratory and gastro-enteric diseases, neurologic diseases, and liver disease.
2) Novel coronavirus:
- Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS-CoV) who caused a large outbreak in 2002-2003.
- Middle East respiratory syndrome–Novel Coronavirus (MERS-CoV): first identified in 2012
- Novel Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19)
Incubation period - HCoV: 2-4 days
- SARS-CoV: 2-10 days (mean; 5 days)
- MERS-CoV: 2-14 days
- COVID-19: 4-7 days (up to 14 days)
Period of transmissibility - HCoV: during the active disease
- SARS-CoV: from onset to 21 days
- MERS-CoV: during illness. The duration of infectivity after resolution of symptoms is unknown.
- COVID-19: usually during illness
Reservoir - HCoV: Humans
- SARS-CoV: cave-dwelling bats (genus Rhinolophus), Himalayan masked palm civet (Paguma larvata), other wildlife animals
- MERS-CoV: may be camels and bats
Modes of transmission - HCoV: person-to-person transmission via repiratory droplets, aerosls, fecal oral route, fomites
- SARS-CoV: 1) Animal-to-person; 2) Person-to-person: while caring for, or living with a patient; via respiratory secretions, via body fluids; or airborne (aerosolized sewage, mechanical ventilation...)
- MERS-CoV: 1) Limited person-to-person transmission: close contact, when providing unprotected care to a patient; 2) Suspected animal-to-person transmission via droplet contact, fomite transmission, food-borne, airbone
- COVID-19: 1) Person-to-person: droplets (directly or indirectly), aerosol generating medical procedures, 2) Animal-to-peron
Clinical presentation - HCoV: usually self-limited illness as upper respiratory infection, otitis media, gastroenteritis. Complications: pneumonia, encephalitis, peritonitis...
- SARS-CoV: pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Global case fatality in 2003: 10%.
- MERS-CoV: usually, acute lower respiratory infection with or without gastrointestinal symptoms. It may be asymptomatic. The illness may be severe in people with chronic medical conditions. It may evolve to respiratory failure, organ failure (as renal failure), septic shock... Global case fatality: 27%.
- COVID-19: usually acute respiratory infection
Resources
Case definition - MOPH circular no. 35 (2012): SARS-CoV
- MOPH circular no. 37 (2014): MERS-CoV
- MOPH circular no. 42 (2020): COVID-19
Forms - General reporting form
- Novel Coronavirus reporting form
- Laboratory request form
- Patient transfert request form
- SARS-CoV investigation form
- MERS-CoV investigation form
Data - SARS-CoV: No SARS-CoV was detected in Lebanon in 2003
- MERS-CoV: 2 cases detected and confirmed in 2014 and 2017
- COVID-19: Daily report on COVID-19
Other Resources - Specimen collection for COVID-19
- Questions and Answers
- Presentation: coronavirus, A, E
- Presentation: resources, A, E
- Presentation: questions and answers, A, E
- Presentation: case definition, A, E
- Presentation: specimen collection, A, E
- Presentation: areas with community transmission, A, E
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ATC Name B/G Ingredients Dosage Form Price
M01AB05 CLOREN G Diclofenac sodium - 12.5mg 12.5mg Suppository 353,239 L.L
N03AX12 GABATREX G Gabapentin - 100mg 100mg Capsule 292,958 L.L
N05BA12 ALPRAZOLAM BIOGARAN G Alprazolam - 0.5mg 0.5mg Tablet, scored 169,324 L.L
R06AA02 DIPHENIST G Diphenhydramine HCl - 50mg/ml 50mg/ml Injectable solution 6,977,230 L.L
B05BB02 ELECTROLYE 67 G Calcium gluconate - 0.10g/100ml, Potassium chloride - 0.075g/100ml, Sodium chloride - 0.30g/100ml, Dextrose, H2O - 5.0g/100ml Injectable solution 165,727 L.L
C09AA05 APO-RAMIPRIL G Ramipril - 2.5mg 2.5mg Capsule 463,626 L.L
C10AA02 ATERKEY G Lovastatin - 20mg 20mg Tablet 1,053,573 L.L
D06BB03 CYCLOVEX G Aciclovir - 50mg/g 50mg/g Cream 267,489 L.L
J01CA04 AMOXIDREX G Amoxicillin (trihydrate) - 500mg 500mg Capsule 254,690 L.L
J01FA09 RITHROCID G Clarithromycin - 500mg 500mg Tablet, film coated 686,704 L.L
L01EA02 APO-DASATINIB G Dasatinib - 70mg 70mg Tablet 71,323,688 L.L
L02BA03 FUXRAN G Fulvestrant - 250mg/5ml 250mg/5ml Injectable solution 37,882,154 L.L
M01AB05 DICLOGESIC 12.5 CHILDREN G Diclofenac sodium - 12.5mg 12.5mg Suppository 83,318 L.L
N01AX10 DORMIFOR G Propofol - 1% 1% Injectable emulsion 1,081,473 L.L
N03AX12 GABATREX G Gabapentin - 600mg 600mg Tablet 3,132,497 L.L
N05BA12 ALPROX G Alprazolam - 0.5mg 0.5mg Tablet 383,955 L.L
P02CA03 ALBENDA G Albendazole - 100mg/5ml 400mg/20ml Suspension 129,009 L.L
R06AA52 AMYDRAMINE G Diphenhydramine HCl - 13.5mg/5ml, Sodium citrate - 57mg/5ml, Ammonium chloride - 131.5mg/5ml, Menthol - 1mg/5ml Syrup, sugar free 133,040 L.L
V03AE07 PHOSPHOLOW G Calcium acetate - 660mg 660mg Tablet 1,118,077 L.L
A10BD15 DIAFLOZIN PLUS G Metformin HCl XR - 1000mg, Dapagliflozin - 5mg Tablet, film coated 1,241,710 L.L
B05BB02 DEXTROSE 5% IN LACTATED RINGER'S G Sodium lactate - 0.31g/100ml, Calcium chloride 2H2O - 0.02g/100ml, Potassium chloride - 0.03g/100ml, Sodium chloride - 0.598g/100ml, Dextrose, H2O - 5g/100ml Injectable solution 207,404 L.L
C01DX12 MOLSIDOMINE BIOGARAN G Molsidomine - 4mg 4mg Tablet 344,024 L.L
C09AA05 NORMOPRIL G Ramipril - 2.5mg 2.5mg Tablet 229,797 L.L
C10AA03 APO-PRAVASTATIN G Pravastatin Sodium - 40mg 40mg Tablet 958,160 L.L
J01CA04 AMOXIDREX G Amoxicillin (trihydrate) - 500mg 500mg Capsule 7,332,097 L.L
L01EA02 DALEUBIN G Dasatinib - 70mg 70mg Tablet, film coated 98,514,698 L.L
N01AX10 PROPOFOL 1% MCT/LCT FRESENIUS G Propofol - 1% 1% Injectable emulsion 847,965 L.L
N05BA12 PAZOLAM G Alprazolam - 0.5mg 0.5mg Tablet 563,070 L.L
P02CA03 ALBENDA G Albendazole - 200mg 200mg Tablet 116,914 L.L
R06AA52 PULMONAL EXPECTORANT G Diphenhydramine HCl - 0.015g/5ml, Ammonium HCl - 0.1g/5ml Syrup 177,899 L.L
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