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Coronavirus: invasive/novel

Generalities
Agent Coronaviruses belong to a large family of viruses that can cause diseases ranging from the common cold to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS).
1) Classical coronavirus: viruses that can infect humans and animals.
- Human coronavirus (HCoV): causing mild illness (229E, OC43, NL63, and HKU1...)
- Animal coronavirus: may infect pigs, domestic and wild birds, bats, rodents, dogs, cats and cattle. They cause acute and chronic diseases in animals such as respiratory and gastro-enteric diseases, neurologic diseases, and liver disease.
2) Novel coronavirus:
- Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS-CoV) who caused a large outbreak in 2002-2003.
- Middle East respiratory syndrome–Novel Coronavirus (MERS-CoV): first identified in 2012
- Novel Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19)
Incubation period - HCoV: 2-4 days
- SARS-CoV: 2-10 days (mean; 5 days)
- MERS-CoV: 2-14 days
- COVID-19: 4-7 days (up to 14 days)
Period of transmissibility - HCoV: during the active disease
- SARS-CoV: from onset to 21 days
- MERS-CoV: during illness. The duration of infectivity after resolution of symptoms is unknown.
- COVID-19: usually during illness
Reservoir - HCoV: Humans
- SARS-CoV: cave-dwelling bats (genus Rhinolophus), Himalayan masked palm civet (Paguma larvata), other wildlife animals
- MERS-CoV: may be camels and bats
Modes of transmission - HCoV: person-to-person transmission via repiratory droplets, aerosls, fecal oral route, fomites
- SARS-CoV: 1) Animal-to-person; 2) Person-to-person: while caring for, or living with a patient; via respiratory secretions, via body fluids; or airborne (aerosolized sewage, mechanical ventilation...)
- MERS-CoV: 1) Limited person-to-person transmission: close contact, when providing unprotected care to a patient; 2) Suspected animal-to-person transmission via droplet contact, fomite transmission, food-borne, airbone
- COVID-19: 1) Person-to-person: droplets (directly or indirectly), aerosol generating medical procedures, 2) Animal-to-peron
Clinical presentation - HCoV: usually self-limited illness as upper respiratory infection, otitis media, gastroenteritis. Complications: pneumonia, encephalitis, peritonitis...
- SARS-CoV: pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Global case fatality in 2003: 10%.
- MERS-CoV: usually, acute lower respiratory infection with or without gastrointestinal symptoms. It may be asymptomatic. The illness may be severe in people with chronic medical conditions. It may evolve to respiratory failure, organ failure (as renal failure), septic shock... Global case fatality: 27%.
- COVID-19: usually acute respiratory infection
Resources
Case definition - MOPH circular no. 35 (2012): SARS-CoV
- MOPH circular no. 37 (2014): MERS-CoV
- MOPH circular no. 42 (2020): COVID-19
Forms - General reporting form
- Novel Coronavirus reporting form
- Laboratory request form
- Patient transfert request form
- SARS-CoV investigation form
- MERS-CoV investigation form
Data - SARS-CoV: No SARS-CoV was detected in Lebanon in 2003
- MERS-CoV: 2 cases detected and confirmed in 2014 and 2017
- COVID-19: Daily report on COVID-19
Other Resources - Specimen collection for COVID-19
- Questions and Answers
- Presentation: coronavirus, A, E
- Presentation: resources, A, E
- Presentation: questions and answers, A, E
- Presentation: case definition, A, E
- Presentation: specimen collection, A, E
- Presentation: areas with community transmission, A, E
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ATC Name B/G Ingredients Dosage Form Price
C01CA24 ADRENALINE SALF G Adrenaline - 1mg/ml 1mg/ml Injectable solution 220,390 L.L
C09AA01 CAPTOPRIL G Captopril - 25mg 25mg Tablet, scored 355,798 L.L
J01BA01 CHLORAMPHENICOL G Chloramphenicol - 250mg 250mg Capsule 166,381 L.L
J01EE01 CO-TRIMOXAZOLE G Trimethoprim - 160mg, Sulfamethoxazole - 800mg Tablet 7,529,090 L.L
J05AH02 FLUMIVIR G Oseltamivir - 75mg 75mg Capsule 1,384,158 L.L
L01EA01 SAGITTA G Imatinib - 400mg 400mg Capsule, hard 51,723,840 L.L
M01AB05 DICLOCELL G Diclofenac sodium - 75mg/3ml 75mg/3ml Injectable solution 945,809 L.L
N01AH01 FENTANYL MEDIS G Fentanyl (citrate) - 0.5mg/10ml 0.5mg/10ml Injectable solution 1,190,644 L.L
N03AX12 VOLAR G Gabapentin - 300mg 300mg Capsule 1,100,607 L.L
N05BA06 LORAZEPAM G Lorazepam - 2mg 2mg Tablet, scored 485,063 L.L
P01AB07 SECNOL G Secnidazole - 2g 2g Granules 842,589 L.L
R05X TRIMEDIL FORTE G O-(?-hydroxyethyl)-rutosides - 30mg, Ascorbic acid - 80mg, Dimethindene - 0.5mg, Phenylephrine HCl - 2.5mg, Paracetamol - 200mg Capsule 386,515 L.L
V03AC03 DEFEROXAL 360 G Deferasirox - 360mg 360mg Tablet, film coated 24,918,561 L.L
A04AA01 NAUSETRON G Ondansetron - 4mg/5ml 4mg/5ml Solution 802,466 L.L
B05BB02 2.5% DEXTROSE 0.45% SODIUM CHLORIDE INJECTION G Dextrose,H2O - 2.5g/100ml, Sodium chloride - 0.45g/100ml Injectable solution 224,090 L.L
C01CA24 ADRENALINE AGUETTANT G Adrenaline - 0.1mg/ml 0.1mg/ml Injectable solution 13,990,891 L.L
C09AA01 ORBACE G Captopril - 25mg 25mg Tablet 522,179 L.L
J01CA01 AMPICILLIN G Ampicillin (trihydrate) - 125mg/5ml 125mg/5ml Powder for suspension 174,060 L.L
J01EE01 CO-TRIMOXAZOLE G Trimethoprim - 160mg, Sulfamethoxazole - 800mg Tablet 183,019 L.L
J05AH02 VIRIFLU G Oseltamivir - 75mg 75mg Capsule 1,371,615 L.L
M01AB05 DICLO-DENK 75 INJECTION G Diclofenac sodium - 75mg/3ml 75mg/3ml Injectable solution 716,268 L.L
N01AH01 FENTANYL PANPHARMA G Fentanyl - 0.5mg/10ml 0.5mg/10ml Injectable solution 1,243,054 L.L
N03AX12 GABAMOX G Gabapentin - 400mg 400mg Capsule, hard 1,233,647 L.L
P01BA02 CORVAQUINE G Hydroxychloroquine sulfate - 200mg 200mg Tablet, film coated 1,087,873 L.L
R05X CODOPALM EXPECTORANT G Ipeca Tincture - 3mg, Promethazine HCl - 100mg, Potassium guaiacosulfonate - 0.9g Syrup 153,582 L.L
A04AA01 ONDEMED G Ondansetron (HCl) - 4mg/5ml 4mg/5ml Solution 858,779 L.L
A10BD08 GLUNORM M G Metformin HCl - 1000mg, Vildagliptin - 50mg Tablet, film coated 1,089,856 L.L
B01AC06 ASPICOT G Acetylsalicylic acid - 100mg 100mg Tablet, enteric coated 403,153 L.L
B05BB02 2.5% DEXTROSE 0.45% SODIUM CHLORIDE INJECTION G Dextrose,H2O - 2.5g/100ml, Sodium chloride - 0.45g/100ml Injectable solution 150,543 L.L
C01CA26 EPHEDRINE AGUETTANT G Ephedrine HCl - 30mg/ml 30mg/ml Injectable solution 614,136 L.L
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