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Coronavirus: invasive/novel

Generalities
Agent Coronaviruses belong to a large family of viruses that can cause diseases ranging from the common cold to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS).
1) Classical coronavirus: viruses that can infect humans and animals.
- Human coronavirus (HCoV): causing mild illness (229E, OC43, NL63, and HKU1...)
- Animal coronavirus: may infect pigs, domestic and wild birds, bats, rodents, dogs, cats and cattle. They cause acute and chronic diseases in animals such as respiratory and gastro-enteric diseases, neurologic diseases, and liver disease.
2) Novel coronavirus:
- Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS-CoV) who caused a large outbreak in 2002-2003.
- Middle East respiratory syndrome–Novel Coronavirus (MERS-CoV): first identified in 2012
- Novel Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19)
Incubation period - HCoV: 2-4 days
- SARS-CoV: 2-10 days (mean; 5 days)
- MERS-CoV: 2-14 days
- COVID-19: 4-7 days (up to 14 days)
Period of transmissibility - HCoV: during the active disease
- SARS-CoV: from onset to 21 days
- MERS-CoV: during illness. The duration of infectivity after resolution of symptoms is unknown.
- COVID-19: usually during illness
Reservoir - HCoV: Humans
- SARS-CoV: cave-dwelling bats (genus Rhinolophus), Himalayan masked palm civet (Paguma larvata), other wildlife animals
- MERS-CoV: may be camels and bats
Modes of transmission - HCoV: person-to-person transmission via repiratory droplets, aerosls, fecal oral route, fomites
- SARS-CoV: 1) Animal-to-person; 2) Person-to-person: while caring for, or living with a patient; via respiratory secretions, via body fluids; or airborne (aerosolized sewage, mechanical ventilation...)
- MERS-CoV: 1) Limited person-to-person transmission: close contact, when providing unprotected care to a patient; 2) Suspected animal-to-person transmission via droplet contact, fomite transmission, food-borne, airbone
- COVID-19: 1) Person-to-person: droplets (directly or indirectly), aerosol generating medical procedures, 2) Animal-to-peron
Clinical presentation - HCoV: usually self-limited illness as upper respiratory infection, otitis media, gastroenteritis. Complications: pneumonia, encephalitis, peritonitis...
- SARS-CoV: pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Global case fatality in 2003: 10%.
- MERS-CoV: usually, acute lower respiratory infection with or without gastrointestinal symptoms. It may be asymptomatic. The illness may be severe in people with chronic medical conditions. It may evolve to respiratory failure, organ failure (as renal failure), septic shock... Global case fatality: 27%.
- COVID-19: usually acute respiratory infection
Resources
Case definition - MOPH circular no. 35 (2012): SARS-CoV
- MOPH circular no. 37 (2014): MERS-CoV
- MOPH circular no. 42 (2020): COVID-19
Forms - General reporting form
- Novel Coronavirus reporting form
- Laboratory request form
- Patient transfert request form
- SARS-CoV investigation form
- MERS-CoV investigation form
Data - SARS-CoV: No SARS-CoV was detected in Lebanon in 2003
- MERS-CoV: 2 cases detected and confirmed in 2014 and 2017
- COVID-19: Daily report on COVID-19
Other Resources - Specimen collection for COVID-19
- Questions and Answers
- Presentation: coronavirus, A, E
- Presentation: resources, A, E
- Presentation: questions and answers, A, E
- Presentation: case definition, A, E
- Presentation: specimen collection, A, E
- Presentation: areas with community transmission, A, E
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ATC Name B/G Ingredients Dosage Form Price
L01EA02 DASATINIB NEAPOLIS G Dasatinib - 140mg 140mg Tablet, film coated 254,729,810 L.L
L02BG04 APO-LETROZOLE G Letrozole - 2.5mg 2.5mg Tablet 1,962,010 L.L
N01BB58 ORABLOC G Articaine HCl - 4%, Epinephrine (tartrate) - 1/100.000 Injectable solution 2,308,721 L.L
N03AX16 NERVAX G Pregabalin - 150mg 150mg Capsule 1,955,291 L.L
N06AB03 FLUOXETINE BIOGARAN G Fluoxetine (HCl) - 20mg 20mg Capsule 239,204 L.L
R06AE09 LIVIDA G Levocetirizine dihydrochloride - 5mg 5mg Tablet, film coated 447,948 L.L
A04AA01 ZONETRON ODT G Ondansetron - 8mg 8mg Tablet, orodispersible 998,283 L.L
A10BD07 SITAVITEA G Metformin - 850mg, Sitagliptin - 50mg Tablet, film coated 1,079,106 L.L
B01AC06 ASPROTHIN G Acetylsalicylic acid - 81mg 81mg Tablet, enteric coated 148,463 L.L
B05BB02 DEXTROSE 2.5% & SODIUM CHLORIDE 0.45% G Sodium chloride - 0.45g/100ml, Dextrose, H2O - 2.5g/100ml Injectable solution 198,578 L.L
C01DA02 NITROJECT INJECTION G Nitroglycerine - 50mg/10ml 50mg/10ml Injectable solution 7,018,889 L.L
C10AA01 STAVINE G Simvastatin - 20mg 20mg Tablet 207,336 L.L
D06BB03 CIVAR G Aciclovir - 5% 5% Cream 507,972 L.L
G03XC01 RALOXIFENE ARROW G Raloxifene HCl - 60mg 60mg Tablet, coated 1,425,817 L.L
J01CA04 AMOXICILLINE INJ. G Amoxicillin (sodium) - 1g 1g Injectable powder for solution 1,173,175 L.L
J01FA10 APO-AZITHROMYCIN Z G Azithromycin - 250mg 250mg Tablet 481,096 L.L
L01EA02 DASATINIB NEAPOLIS G Dasatinib - 140mg 140mg Tablet, film coated 127,364,905 L.L
L02BG04 FEMAPLEX G Letrozole - 2.5mg 2.5mg Tablet, film coated 1,583,046 L.L
M01AC02 REUTENOX G Tenoxicam - 20mg 20mg Tablet, coated 576,508 L.L
N03AX16 NEUREXAL G Pregabalin - 150mg 150mg Capsule 754,856 L.L
N06AB03 NEANXETIN G Fluoxetine (HCl) - 20mg 20mg Capsule 422,351 L.L
R01AB06 NARIX G Xylometazoline HCl - 90mcg/actuation, Carbocisteine - 900mcg/actuation Spray 518,339 L.L
R06AE09 ZOLICIN G Levocetirizine dihydrochloride - 5mg 5mg Tablet, film coated 228,453 L.L
A04AA01 JAMP ONDANSETRON G Ondansetron (HCl dihydrate) - 4mg/5ml 4mg/5ml Solution 2,687,685 L.L
A10BD07 ZERILUX G Sitagliptin - 25mg/ml 25mg/ml Solution 1,127,529 L.L
B05BB02 DEXTROSE 2.5% & SODIUM CHLORIDE 0.45% G Sodium chloride - 0.45g/100ml, Dextrose, H2O - 2.5g/100ml Injectable solution 224,090 L.L
C01DA02 TRINITRINA G Nitroglycerine - 50mg/50ml 50mg/50ml Injectable concentrate for solution 6,212,584 L.L
C09AA03 TENSIKEY G Lisinopril - 20mg 20mg Tablet 460,938 L.L
C10AA01 VASCOR G Simvastatin - 20mg 20mg Tablet, scored 284,127 L.L
D06BB03 CYCLOVEX G Aciclovir - 50mg/g 50mg/g Cream 267,489 L.L
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