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Coronavirus: invasive/novel

Generalities
Agent Coronaviruses belong to a large family of viruses that can cause diseases ranging from the common cold to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS).
1) Classical coronavirus: viruses that can infect humans and animals.
- Human coronavirus (HCoV): causing mild illness (229E, OC43, NL63, and HKU1...)
- Animal coronavirus: may infect pigs, domestic and wild birds, bats, rodents, dogs, cats and cattle. They cause acute and chronic diseases in animals such as respiratory and gastro-enteric diseases, neurologic diseases, and liver disease.
2) Novel coronavirus:
- Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS-CoV) who caused a large outbreak in 2002-2003.
- Middle East respiratory syndrome–Novel Coronavirus (MERS-CoV): first identified in 2012
- Novel Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19)
Incubation period - HCoV: 2-4 days
- SARS-CoV: 2-10 days (mean; 5 days)
- MERS-CoV: 2-14 days
- COVID-19: 4-7 days (up to 14 days)
Period of transmissibility - HCoV: during the active disease
- SARS-CoV: from onset to 21 days
- MERS-CoV: during illness. The duration of infectivity after resolution of symptoms is unknown.
- COVID-19: usually during illness
Reservoir - HCoV: Humans
- SARS-CoV: cave-dwelling bats (genus Rhinolophus), Himalayan masked palm civet (Paguma larvata), other wildlife animals
- MERS-CoV: may be camels and bats
Modes of transmission - HCoV: person-to-person transmission via repiratory droplets, aerosls, fecal oral route, fomites
- SARS-CoV: 1) Animal-to-person; 2) Person-to-person: while caring for, or living with a patient; via respiratory secretions, via body fluids; or airborne (aerosolized sewage, mechanical ventilation...)
- MERS-CoV: 1) Limited person-to-person transmission: close contact, when providing unprotected care to a patient; 2) Suspected animal-to-person transmission via droplet contact, fomite transmission, food-borne, airbone
- COVID-19: 1) Person-to-person: droplets (directly or indirectly), aerosol generating medical procedures, 2) Animal-to-peron
Clinical presentation - HCoV: usually self-limited illness as upper respiratory infection, otitis media, gastroenteritis. Complications: pneumonia, encephalitis, peritonitis...
- SARS-CoV: pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Global case fatality in 2003: 10%.
- MERS-CoV: usually, acute lower respiratory infection with or without gastrointestinal symptoms. It may be asymptomatic. The illness may be severe in people with chronic medical conditions. It may evolve to respiratory failure, organ failure (as renal failure), septic shock... Global case fatality: 27%.
- COVID-19: usually acute respiratory infection
Resources
Case definition - MOPH circular no. 35 (2012): SARS-CoV
- MOPH circular no. 37 (2014): MERS-CoV
- MOPH circular no. 42 (2020): COVID-19
Forms - General reporting form
- Novel Coronavirus reporting form
- Laboratory request form
- Patient transfert request form
- SARS-CoV investigation form
- MERS-CoV investigation form
Data - SARS-CoV: No SARS-CoV was detected in Lebanon in 2003
- MERS-CoV: 2 cases detected and confirmed in 2014 and 2017
- COVID-19: Daily report on COVID-19
Other Resources - Specimen collection for COVID-19
- Questions and Answers
- Presentation: coronavirus, A, E
- Presentation: resources, A, E
- Presentation: questions and answers, A, E
- Presentation: case definition, A, E
- Presentation: specimen collection, A, E
- Presentation: areas with community transmission, A, E
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ATC Name B/G Ingredients Dosage Form Price
C09AA05 ACURIL G Ramipril - 2.5mg 2.5mg Tablet 497,222 L.L
C10AA02 ATERKEY G Lovastatin - 20mg 20mg Tablet 1,053,573 L.L
M01AE01 ADVIL B Ibuprofen - 200mg 200mg Tablet 321,178 L.L
C01DX12 CORVASAL 4MG B Molsidomine - 4mg 4mg Tablet 492,742 L.L
C09AA05 NORMOPRIL G Ramipril - 2.5mg 2.5mg Tablet 229,797 L.L
C10AA03 APO-PRAVASTATIN G Pravastatin Sodium - 40mg 40mg Tablet 958,160 L.L
C01DX12 MOLSIDOMINE BIOGARAN G Molsidomine - 4mg 4mg Tablet 344,024 L.L
L01EB01 APO-GEFITINIB G Gefitinib - 250mg 250mg Tablet 87,345,820 L.L
N06AB05 APO-PAROXETINE G Paroxetine (HCl) - 20mg 20mg Tablet 1,099,263 L.L
C09AA05 TRITACE B Ramipril - 5mg 5mg Tablet 509,316 L.L
N06AB05 DEPROX G Paroxetine (HCl) - 20mg 20mg Tablet 972,686 L.L
C09AA05 ACURIL G Ramipril - 5mg 5mg Tablet 614,136 L.L
C10AA03 APO-PRAVASTATIN G Pravastatin Sodium - 20mg 20mg Tablet 775,397 L.L
N06AB05 PARLOTIN G Paroxetine (HCl) - 20mg 20mg Tablet 894,999 L.L
C01DX16 NICORANDIL BIOGARAN G Nicorandil - 20mg 20mg Tablet 822,432 L.L
L01EB02 APO-ERLOTINIB G Erlotinib (HCl) - 100mg 100mg Tablet 79,672,726 L.L
C01DX16 NICORANDIL BIOGARAN G Nicorandil - 20mg 20mg Tablet 822,432 L.L
C09AA05 NORMOPRIL G Ramipril - 5mg 5mg Tablet 474,376 L.L
G04BD08 SOLIFENACINE ARROW G Solifenacin succinate - 5mg 5mg Tablet 952,784 L.L
N06AB05 PMS-PAROXETINE G Paroxetine (HCl) - 20mg 20mg Tablet 731,050 L.L
C09AA05 RAMIPRIL-REMEDICA G Ramipril - 5mg 5mg Tablet 623,543 L.L
L02BX03 ABIRATERONE ACETATE NEAPOLIS G Abiraterone acetate - 250mg 250mg Tablet 75,418,662 L.L
R06AX02 PERIACTIN B Cyproheptadine HCl - 4mg 4mg Tablet 255,970 L.L
L02BX03 ABREMIA G Abiraterone acetate - 250mg 250mg Tablet L.L
C10AA05 APO-ATORVASTATIN G Atorvastatin (calcium) - 10mg 10mg Tablet 889,624 L.L
L01EB02 APO-ERLOTINIB G Erlotinib (HCl) - 150mg 150mg Tablet 91,523,229 L.L
N06AB05 DEPROX G Paroxetine (HCl) - 40mg 40mg Tablet 2,909,099 L.L
R06AX13 CLARITINE B Loratadine (micronised) - 10mg 10mg Tablet 219,046 L.L
C09AA05 TRITACE B Ramipril - 10mg 10mg Tablet 689,391 L.L
L02BX03 ABLAX 250 G Abiraterone acetate - 250mg 250mg Tablet 45,056,853 L.L
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