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Coronavirus: invasive/novel

Generalities
Agent Coronaviruses belong to a large family of viruses that can cause diseases ranging from the common cold to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS).
1) Classical coronavirus: viruses that can infect humans and animals.
- Human coronavirus (HCoV): causing mild illness (229E, OC43, NL63, and HKU1...)
- Animal coronavirus: may infect pigs, domestic and wild birds, bats, rodents, dogs, cats and cattle. They cause acute and chronic diseases in animals such as respiratory and gastro-enteric diseases, neurologic diseases, and liver disease.
2) Novel coronavirus:
- Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS-CoV) who caused a large outbreak in 2002-2003.
- Middle East respiratory syndrome–Novel Coronavirus (MERS-CoV): first identified in 2012
- Novel Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19)
Incubation period - HCoV: 2-4 days
- SARS-CoV: 2-10 days (mean; 5 days)
- MERS-CoV: 2-14 days
- COVID-19: 4-7 days (up to 14 days)
Period of transmissibility - HCoV: during the active disease
- SARS-CoV: from onset to 21 days
- MERS-CoV: during illness. The duration of infectivity after resolution of symptoms is unknown.
- COVID-19: usually during illness
Reservoir - HCoV: Humans
- SARS-CoV: cave-dwelling bats (genus Rhinolophus), Himalayan masked palm civet (Paguma larvata), other wildlife animals
- MERS-CoV: may be camels and bats
Modes of transmission - HCoV: person-to-person transmission via repiratory droplets, aerosls, fecal oral route, fomites
- SARS-CoV: 1) Animal-to-person; 2) Person-to-person: while caring for, or living with a patient; via respiratory secretions, via body fluids; or airborne (aerosolized sewage, mechanical ventilation...)
- MERS-CoV: 1) Limited person-to-person transmission: close contact, when providing unprotected care to a patient; 2) Suspected animal-to-person transmission via droplet contact, fomite transmission, food-borne, airbone
- COVID-19: 1) Person-to-person: droplets (directly or indirectly), aerosol generating medical procedures, 2) Animal-to-peron
Clinical presentation - HCoV: usually self-limited illness as upper respiratory infection, otitis media, gastroenteritis. Complications: pneumonia, encephalitis, peritonitis...
- SARS-CoV: pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Global case fatality in 2003: 10%.
- MERS-CoV: usually, acute lower respiratory infection with or without gastrointestinal symptoms. It may be asymptomatic. The illness may be severe in people with chronic medical conditions. It may evolve to respiratory failure, organ failure (as renal failure), septic shock... Global case fatality: 27%.
- COVID-19: usually acute respiratory infection
Resources
Case definition - MOPH circular no. 35 (2012): SARS-CoV
- MOPH circular no. 37 (2014): MERS-CoV
- MOPH circular no. 42 (2020): COVID-19
Forms - General reporting form
- Novel Coronavirus reporting form
- Laboratory request form
- Patient transfert request form
- SARS-CoV investigation form
- MERS-CoV investigation form
Data - SARS-CoV: No SARS-CoV was detected in Lebanon in 2003
- MERS-CoV: 2 cases detected and confirmed in 2014 and 2017
- COVID-19: Daily report on COVID-19
Other Resources - Specimen collection for COVID-19
- Questions and Answers
- Presentation: coronavirus, A, E
- Presentation: resources, A, E
- Presentation: questions and answers, A, E
- Presentation: case definition, A, E
- Presentation: specimen collection, A, E
- Presentation: areas with community transmission, A, E
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ATC Name B/G Ingredients Dosage Form Price
N07CA01 VASOSERC G Betahistine dihydrochloride - 8mg 8mg Tablet 1,334,884 L.L
A03FA03 NOVADOM G Domperidone - 10mg 10mg Tablet 278,175 L.L
A10BB12 GLUMYL 3 G Glimepiride - 3mg 3mg Tablet 511,940 L.L
C09DB04 TWYNSTA B Telmisartan - 80mg, Amlodipine - 5mg Tablet 1,241,710 L.L
G03CA03 VAGIFEM G Estradiol (hemihydrate) - 10mcg 10mcg Tablet 2,254,968 L.L
J05AB01 VICLORIX 800 G Aciclovir - 800mg 800mg Tablet 4,321,797 L.L
N07CA01 BETAHISTINE ARROW GENERIQUES G Betahistine dihydrochloride - 24mg 24mg Tablet 749,864 L.L
A10BB12 GLYPRIDE G Glimepiride - 3mg 3mg Tablet 571,133 L.L
C09DB04 TWINCARD 80/5 G Telmisartan - 80mg, Amlodipine - 5mg Tablet 1,372,511 L.L
N05AX12 JOSWE ARIPAL 30 G Aripiprazole - 30mg 30mg Tablet 4,687,323 L.L
N07CA01 VASOSERC BID G Betahistine dihydrochloride - 24mg 24mg Tablet 840,861 L.L
C09DB06 LOSANET AM G Losartan potassium - 100mg, Amlodipine - 10mg Tablet 1,044,358 L.L
G03CC06 GYNOFLOR B Estriol - 0.03mg, Lactobacillus acidophillus - 10 MIU Tablet 813,025 L.L
M05BA04 STRONDEX 70 G Alendronate sodium - 70mg 70mg Tablet 1,305,447 L.L
N05AX12 ABIPREX 15 G Aripiprazole - 15mg 15mg Tablet 1,075,074 L.L
A10BB12 ORBIDE G Glimepiride - 3mg 3mg Tablet 351,959 L.L
C09DB06 LOSANET AM G Losartan potassium - 100mg, Amlodipine - 5mg Tablet 1,044,358 L.L
G03CX01 LIVIAL B Tibolone - 2.5mg 2.5mg Tablet 1,135,547 L.L
N05AX12 ATYPRAL G Aripiprazole - 15mg 15mg Tablet 712,237 L.L
A10BB12 AMARYL B Glimepiride - 4mg 4mg Tablet 392,402 L.L
C08CA01 LUSTRA G Amlodipine - 5mg 5mg Tablet 485,127 L.L
N05AX12 JOSWE ARIPAL 15 G Aripiprazole - 15mg 15mg Tablet 2,413,541 L.L
A10BB12 AMEPRIDE G Glimepiride - 4mg 4mg Tablet 215,015 L.L
C08CA01 TORANS G Amlodipine (besylate) - 5mg 5mg Tablet 518,339 L.L
N05AX12 PIRIFY G Aripiprazole - 15mg 15mg Tablet 795,555 L.L
N07CA03 ZINASEN G Flunarizine (HCl) - 10mg 10mg Tablet 599,354 L.L
A03FA07 GANATON B Itopride Hydrochloride - 50mg 50mg Tablet 1,119,421 L.L
A10BB12 DIAMERIL G Glimepiride - 4mg 4mg Tablet 322,522 L.L
C08CA01 AMLINE G Amlodipine - 10mg 10mg Tablet 662,962 L.L
H03BB02 TAPAZOLE B Methimazole (Thiamazole) - 5mg 5mg Tablet 565,694 L.L
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