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Coronavirus: invasive/novel

Generalities
Agent Coronaviruses belong to a large family of viruses that can cause diseases ranging from the common cold to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS).
1) Classical coronavirus: viruses that can infect humans and animals.
- Human coronavirus (HCoV): causing mild illness (229E, OC43, NL63, and HKU1...)
- Animal coronavirus: may infect pigs, domestic and wild birds, bats, rodents, dogs, cats and cattle. They cause acute and chronic diseases in animals such as respiratory and gastro-enteric diseases, neurologic diseases, and liver disease.
2) Novel coronavirus:
- Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS-CoV) who caused a large outbreak in 2002-2003.
- Middle East respiratory syndrome–Novel Coronavirus (MERS-CoV): first identified in 2012
- Novel Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19)
Incubation period - HCoV: 2-4 days
- SARS-CoV: 2-10 days (mean; 5 days)
- MERS-CoV: 2-14 days
- COVID-19: 4-7 days (up to 14 days)
Period of transmissibility - HCoV: during the active disease
- SARS-CoV: from onset to 21 days
- MERS-CoV: during illness. The duration of infectivity after resolution of symptoms is unknown.
- COVID-19: usually during illness
Reservoir - HCoV: Humans
- SARS-CoV: cave-dwelling bats (genus Rhinolophus), Himalayan masked palm civet (Paguma larvata), other wildlife animals
- MERS-CoV: may be camels and bats
Modes of transmission - HCoV: person-to-person transmission via repiratory droplets, aerosls, fecal oral route, fomites
- SARS-CoV: 1) Animal-to-person; 2) Person-to-person: while caring for, or living with a patient; via respiratory secretions, via body fluids; or airborne (aerosolized sewage, mechanical ventilation...)
- MERS-CoV: 1) Limited person-to-person transmission: close contact, when providing unprotected care to a patient; 2) Suspected animal-to-person transmission via droplet contact, fomite transmission, food-borne, airbone
- COVID-19: 1) Person-to-person: droplets (directly or indirectly), aerosol generating medical procedures, 2) Animal-to-peron
Clinical presentation - HCoV: usually self-limited illness as upper respiratory infection, otitis media, gastroenteritis. Complications: pneumonia, encephalitis, peritonitis...
- SARS-CoV: pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Global case fatality in 2003: 10%.
- MERS-CoV: usually, acute lower respiratory infection with or without gastrointestinal symptoms. It may be asymptomatic. The illness may be severe in people with chronic medical conditions. It may evolve to respiratory failure, organ failure (as renal failure), septic shock... Global case fatality: 27%.
- COVID-19: usually acute respiratory infection
Resources
Case definition - MOPH circular no. 35 (2012): SARS-CoV
- MOPH circular no. 37 (2014): MERS-CoV
- MOPH circular no. 42 (2020): COVID-19
Forms - General reporting form
- Novel Coronavirus reporting form
- Laboratory request form
- Patient transfert request form
- SARS-CoV investigation form
- MERS-CoV investigation form
Data - SARS-CoV: No SARS-CoV was detected in Lebanon in 2003
- MERS-CoV: 2 cases detected and confirmed in 2014 and 2017
- COVID-19: Daily report on COVID-19
Other Resources - Specimen collection for COVID-19
- Questions and Answers
- Presentation: coronavirus, A, E
- Presentation: resources, A, E
- Presentation: questions and answers, A, E
- Presentation: case definition, A, E
- Presentation: specimen collection, A, E
- Presentation: areas with community transmission, A, E
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ATC Name B/G Ingredients Dosage Form Price
M01AB15 KETOLAC G Ketorolac trometamine - 10mg 10mg Tablet 106,164 L.L
P02DA01 TENIADEX G Niclosamide - 500mg 500mg Tablet 70,392 L.L
R06AD02 PROMETAL G Promethazine - 25mg 25mg Tablet 194,537 L.L
B01AC04 APO-CLOPIDOGREL G Clopidogrel (Bisulfate), - 75mg 75mg Tablet 911,125 L.L
C08DB01 APO-DILTIAZ G Diltiazem HCl - 60mg 60mg Tablet 545,600 L.L
R06AD02 PROMETAL G Promethazine - 25mg 25mg Tablet 8,003,607 L.L
B01AC04 CERUVIN G Clopidogrel (Bisulfate) - 75mg 75mg Tablet 240,548 L.L
A10BD02 ORBIZIDE M FORTE G Metformin HCl - 500mg, Gliclazide - 80mg Tablet 771,750 L.L
B01AC04 CLODOR G Clopidogrel (Bisulfate) - 75mg 75mg Tablet 1,148,025 L.L
A10BD06 DUETACT B Glimepiride - 2mg, Pioglitazone - 30mg Tablet 2,803,255 L.L
L01EA02 SPRYCEL B Dasatinib - 70mg 70mg Tablet 212,274,841 L.L
M01AB16 ACECLOFAR G Aceclofenac - 100mg 100mg Tablet 131,697 L.L
A10BD06 DUETACT B Glimepiride - 4mg, Pioglitazone - 30mg Tablet 3,287,039 L.L
B01AC04 CLOPIKEY G Clopidogrel (Bisulfate) - 75mg 75mg Tablet 748,520 L.L
J01FA09 KLERIMED G Clarithromycin - 500mg 500mg Tablet 686,704 L.L
J05AR12 TELADINE G Lamivudine - 300mg, Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate - 300mg Tablet 17,454,739 L.L
L01EA02 APO-DASATINIB G Dasatinib - 70mg 70mg Tablet 71,323,688 L.L
A10BD07 JANUMET B Metformin HCl - 1000mg, Sitagliptin - 50mg Tablet 3,093,525 L.L
M01AB16 LOFLAM G Aceclofenac - 100mg 100mg Tablet 767,334 L.L
A10BD07 JANUMET B Metformin HCl - 1000mg, Sitagliptin - 50mg Tablet 3,093,525 L.L
R06AE07 CETRAK G Cetirizine (dihydrochloride) - 10mg 10mg Tablet 147,823 L.L
L01EA02 SPRYCEL B Dasatinib - 50mg 50mg Tablet 212,274,841 L.L
J05AR27 DOLUTEGRAVIR/LAMIVUDINE/TENOFOVIR DISOPROXIL FUMARATE G Lamivudine - 300mg, Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate - 300mg, Dolutegravir - 50mg Tablet 54,836,160 L.L
L01EA02 APO-DASATINIB G Dasatinib - 50mg 50mg Tablet 71,323,688 L.L
M01AB55 DIFEN B12 G Diclofenac potassium - 50mg, Betamethasone - 0.3mg, Cyanocobalamin - 5mg Tablet 503,941 L.L
A10BD07 JANUMET B Metformin HCl - 500mg, Sitagliptin - 50mg Tablet 3,237,317 L.L
C09AA01 ORBACE G Captopril - 25mg 25mg Tablet 522,179 L.L
C10AA01 ZOCOR B Simvastatin - 10mg 10mg Tablet 881,817 L.L
A10BD07 JANUMET B Metformin HCl - 500mg, Sitagliptin - 50mg Tablet 3,237,317 L.L
C10AA01 STAVINE G Simvastatin - 10mg 10mg Tablet 207,336 L.L
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