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Coronavirus: invasive/novel

Generalities
Agent Coronaviruses belong to a large family of viruses that can cause diseases ranging from the common cold to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS).
1) Classical coronavirus: viruses that can infect humans and animals.
- Human coronavirus (HCoV): causing mild illness (229E, OC43, NL63, and HKU1...)
- Animal coronavirus: may infect pigs, domestic and wild birds, bats, rodents, dogs, cats and cattle. They cause acute and chronic diseases in animals such as respiratory and gastro-enteric diseases, neurologic diseases, and liver disease.
2) Novel coronavirus:
- Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS-CoV) who caused a large outbreak in 2002-2003.
- Middle East respiratory syndrome–Novel Coronavirus (MERS-CoV): first identified in 2012
- Novel Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19)
Incubation period - HCoV: 2-4 days
- SARS-CoV: 2-10 days (mean; 5 days)
- MERS-CoV: 2-14 days
- COVID-19: 4-7 days (up to 14 days)
Period of transmissibility - HCoV: during the active disease
- SARS-CoV: from onset to 21 days
- MERS-CoV: during illness. The duration of infectivity after resolution of symptoms is unknown.
- COVID-19: usually during illness
Reservoir - HCoV: Humans
- SARS-CoV: cave-dwelling bats (genus Rhinolophus), Himalayan masked palm civet (Paguma larvata), other wildlife animals
- MERS-CoV: may be camels and bats
Modes of transmission - HCoV: person-to-person transmission via repiratory droplets, aerosls, fecal oral route, fomites
- SARS-CoV: 1) Animal-to-person; 2) Person-to-person: while caring for, or living with a patient; via respiratory secretions, via body fluids; or airborne (aerosolized sewage, mechanical ventilation...)
- MERS-CoV: 1) Limited person-to-person transmission: close contact, when providing unprotected care to a patient; 2) Suspected animal-to-person transmission via droplet contact, fomite transmission, food-borne, airbone
- COVID-19: 1) Person-to-person: droplets (directly or indirectly), aerosol generating medical procedures, 2) Animal-to-peron
Clinical presentation - HCoV: usually self-limited illness as upper respiratory infection, otitis media, gastroenteritis. Complications: pneumonia, encephalitis, peritonitis...
- SARS-CoV: pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Global case fatality in 2003: 10%.
- MERS-CoV: usually, acute lower respiratory infection with or without gastrointestinal symptoms. It may be asymptomatic. The illness may be severe in people with chronic medical conditions. It may evolve to respiratory failure, organ failure (as renal failure), septic shock... Global case fatality: 27%.
- COVID-19: usually acute respiratory infection
Resources
Case definition - MOPH circular no. 35 (2012): SARS-CoV
- MOPH circular no. 37 (2014): MERS-CoV
- MOPH circular no. 42 (2020): COVID-19
Forms - General reporting form
- Novel Coronavirus reporting form
- Laboratory request form
- Patient transfert request form
- SARS-CoV investigation form
- MERS-CoV investigation form
Data - SARS-CoV: No SARS-CoV was detected in Lebanon in 2003
- MERS-CoV: 2 cases detected and confirmed in 2014 and 2017
- COVID-19: Daily report on COVID-19
Other Resources - Specimen collection for COVID-19
- Questions and Answers
- Presentation: coronavirus, A, E
- Presentation: resources, A, E
- Presentation: questions and answers, A, E
- Presentation: case definition, A, E
- Presentation: specimen collection, A, E
- Presentation: areas with community transmission, A, E
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ATC Name B/G Ingredients Dosage Form Price
C05CA03 DIOVENOR 600 B Diosmin - 600mg 600mg Tablet 544,256 L.L
C09CA07 MICARDIS B Telmisartan - 80mg 80mg Tablet 998,475 L.L
J01MA14 LOXIMED G Moxifloxacin (HCl) - 400mg 400mg Tablet 851,100 L.L
N05AD01 HALOPERIDOL G Haloperidol - 5mg 5mg Tablet 276,448 L.L
C09CA07 ARBIVASTEL G Telmisartan - 80mg 80mg Tablet 667,890 L.L
J01MA14 LOXIPHAR G Moxifloxacin (HCl) - 400mg 400mg Tablet 1,063,555 L.L
C09CA07 TELMICARD 80 G Telmisartan - 80mg 80mg Tablet 865,179 L.L
C10AA07 ROVASTIN G Rosuvastatin (calcium) - 20mg 20mg Tablet 812,705 L.L
G04CA02 APO-TAMSULOSIN CR G Tamsulosin HCl - 0.4mg 0.4mg Tablet 607,417 L.L
N05AD01 HALOPERIDOL G Haloperidol - 2mg 2mg Tablet 252,130 L.L
C09CA07 TOLURA G Telmisartan - 80mg 80mg Tablet 698,798 L.L
N05AD01 HALOPERIDOL G Haloperidol - 10mg 10mg Tablet 339,160 L.L
N05AD01 HALOPERIDOL G Haloperidol - 20mg 20mg Tablet 339,160 L.L
J01MA23 BAXDELA B Delafloxacin - 450mg 450mg Tablet 93,777,847 L.L
C10AA07 APO-ROSUVASTATIN G Rosuvastatin (calcium) - 40mg 40mg Tablet 670,577 L.L
C10AA07 CRESTOR B Rosuvastatin (calcium) - 5mg 5mg Tablet 589,947 L.L
N05AG02 ORAP FORTE B Pimozide - 4mg 4mg Tablet 329,241 L.L
N05AH02 LEPONEX B Clozapine - 100mg 100mg Tablet 1,975,448 L.L
C07AA05 PROBETOL G Propranolol HCl - 10mg 10mg Tablet 126,705 L.L
C09CA09 EDARBI B Azilsartan medoxomil - 40mg 40mg Tablet 1,846,440 L.L
N05AH02 LANOLEPT G Clozapine - 100mg 100mg Tablet 1,482,258 L.L
C09CA09 EDARBI B Azilsartan medoxomil - 80mg 80mg Tablet 2,023,827 L.L
C10AA08 PIVAL G Pitavastatin - 2mg 2mg Tablet 802,466 L.L
N05AH03 ZYPREXA B Olanzapine - 5mg 5mg Tablet 1,197,364 L.L
N06BA04 RITALIN B Methylphenidate HCl - 10mg 10mg Tablet 376,276 L.L
C07AA05 PROBETOL G Propranolol HCl - 40mg 40mg Tablet 159,981 L.L
C09DA01 HYZAAR B Losartan potassium - 50mg, Hydrochlorothiazide - 12.5mg Tablet 1,523,022 L.L
M01AX DORIXINA B Lysine clonixinate - 125mg 125mg Tablet 326,554 L.L
N05AH03 ZYPREXA B Olanzapine - 5mg 5mg Tablet 1,197,364 L.L
C09DA01 LOSANET-H G Losartan potassium - 50mg, Hydrochlorothiazide - 12.5mg Tablet 395,474 L.L
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