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Meningitis

Generalities
Agent There are several agents causing meningitis.
1) Main Bacteria:
- Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcus): Gram negative diplococci. Main invasive serotypes are A, B, C, W135, X, and Y.
- Haemophilus influenza: Gram negative cocco-bacilli. There are 6 serotypes from (a) to (f). The serotype (b) is responsible of invasive infection.
- Streptococcus pneumonia (pneumococcus): Gram positive diplococci. There are more than 90 serotypes.
- Leptospira: spirochetes, Leptospira interrogans (26 serogroups)
- Listeria monocytogenes: Gram positive, rod-shapped
- Other bacterial agents: Staphylococcus, enteric bacteria, group B streptococci, Mycobacterium tuberculosis…
2) Virus:
- Mumps
- Measles
- West Nile virus: a Flavivirus
- Enterovirus: including Coxsackieviruses A (2-4, 7, 9-10), Coxsackieviruses B (1-6), Echoviruses (2, 5-7, 9-11, 14, 18, 30), Enterovirus 71, Poliovirus (1-3)
- Herpes Simplex virus (types 1 and 2): family Herpesviridae
- Varicella-Zoster virus: Human (alpha) Herpesvirus 3 (varicella-zoster) from the group Herpesvirus
- Adenovirus: Adenovirus, several types (1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 7), genus Mastadenovirus, family Adenoviridae, - Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus: an Arenavirus
- Sandfly fever viruses: genus Phlebovirus, family Bunyaviridae. They include more than 60 antigenically distinct virus serotypes. Two main groups are identified: a) Sandfly fever group including the Naples serocomplex (Karimabad virus, Arabia virus, Massilia virus, Punique virus, Tehran virus, Toscana virus …) and Sicilian serocomplex; and b) Uukuniemi group
-Other virus: arboviruses…
3) Parasites: - Candida albicans, cryptococcus…
Incubation period varies with the agent
Period of transmissibility varies with the agent
Reservoir varies with the agent
Modes of transmission varies with the agent
Clinical presentation varies with the agent
Resources
Case definition MOPH circular no. 52 (2007): Meningitis
MOPH circular no. 63 (2007): Neisseria meningitidis
MOPH circular no. 54 (2007): Haemophilus influenzae b
MOPH circular no. 36 (2012): West Nile Virus
Forms - Meningitis reporting form
- Meningitis investigation form
Data - Weekly report
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ATC Name B/G Ingredients Dosage Form Price
B05BB01 R-SOL G Calcium chloride, 2H2O - 0.033%, Potassium chloride - 0.03%, Sodium chloride - 0.86% Injectable solution 205,933 L.L
D03AX RENEBO G ?-sitosterol - 0.25% w/w 0.25% w/w Ointment 456,906 L.L
J05AF01 REVODINE G Zidovudine - 300mg 300mg Tablet, film coated 7,771,552 L.L
M05BA07 RISEDRONATE ARROW G Risedronate sodium - 35mg 35mg Tablet, film coated 671,921 L.L
R05DB13 RAPICOD G Butamirate citrate - 0.15% 0.15% Syrup 296,989 L.L
J01DH02 ROPENEM 1000 BENTA G Meropenem (trihydrate) - 1000mg 1g Injectable powder for solution 995,723 L.L
J01AA02 RETADOX G Doxycycline (hyclate) - 100mg 100mg Capsule 209,895 L.L
M01AB05 REMETHAN G Diclofenac sodium - 50mg 50mg Tablet 196,201 L.L
N05AX15 REAGILA G Cariprazine HCl - 1.5mg 1.5mg Capsule, hard 6,394,003 L.L
N05AX15 REAGILA G Cariprazine HCl - 3mg 3mg Capsule, hard 6,394,003 L.L
N05AX15 REAGILA G Cariprazine HCl - 4.5mg 4.5mg Capsule, hard 6,394,003 L.L
N05AX15 REAGILA G Cariprazine - 6mg 6mg Capsule, hard 6,394,003 L.L
M01AB05 ROFENAC D G Diclofenac free acid - 50mg 50mg Tablet, dispersible 408,528 L.L
P01AB01 RAMAZOL G Metronidazole - 500mg 500mg Tablet 216,359 L.L
V03AE01 RESINCALCIO G Calcium Polystyrene Sulphonate - 99.75g/100g 99.75% w/w Powder for suspension 1,673,084 L.L
V03AE01 RESINSODIO G Sodium polystyrene sulphonate - 99.75g/100g 99.75g/100g Powder for suspension 1,534,668 L.L
N01AH06 REMIFENTANIL MEDIS G Remifentanil (HCl) - 1mg 1mg Injectable powder 1,101,951 L.L
N01AH06 REMIFENTANIL MEDIS G Remifentanil (HCl) - 5mg 5mg Injectable powder 2,576,146 L.L
J01FA09 RITHROCID G Clarithromycin - 500mg 500mg Tablet, film coated 686,704 L.L
M01AB05 RAPIDUS G Diclofenac potassium - 50mg 50mg Tablet, coated 287,582 L.L
G03XC01 RALOXIFENE ARROW G Raloxifene HCl - 60mg 60mg Tablet, coated 1,425,817 L.L
C09AA05 RAMIPRIL-REMEDICA G Ramipril - 5mg 5mg Tablet 623,543 L.L
C09AA05 RAMIPRIL-REMEDICA G Ramipril - 10mg 10mg Tablet 896,343 L.L
N01BB09 ROPIVACAINA MOLTENI G Ropivacaine HCl - 75mg/10ml 7.5mg/ml Injectable solution 2,332,911 L.L
N01BB09 ROPIVACAINE B. BRAUN G Ropivacaine HCl - 75mg/10ml 7.5mg/ml Injectable solution 4,831,114 L.L
B01AF01 RIBAVAN G Rivaroxaban - 2.5mg 2.5mg Tablet, film coated 3,199,625 L.L
R06AE07 RINALGIT G Cetirizine (dihydrochloride) - 10mg/ml 10mg/ml Drops solution 237,860 L.L
B01AF01 RIBAVAN G Rivaroxaban - 15mg 15mg Tablet, film coated 1,343,843 L.L
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