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Meningitis

Generalities
Agent There are several agents causing meningitis.
1) Main Bacteria:
- Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcus): Gram negative diplococci. Main invasive serotypes are A, B, C, W135, X, and Y.
- Haemophilus influenza: Gram negative cocco-bacilli. There are 6 serotypes from (a) to (f). The serotype (b) is responsible of invasive infection.
- Streptococcus pneumonia (pneumococcus): Gram positive diplococci. There are more than 90 serotypes.
- Leptospira: spirochetes, Leptospira interrogans (26 serogroups)
- Listeria monocytogenes: Gram positive, rod-shapped
- Other bacterial agents: Staphylococcus, enteric bacteria, group B streptococci, Mycobacterium tuberculosis…
2) Virus:
- Mumps
- Measles
- West Nile virus: a Flavivirus
- Enterovirus: including Coxsackieviruses A (2-4, 7, 9-10), Coxsackieviruses B (1-6), Echoviruses (2, 5-7, 9-11, 14, 18, 30), Enterovirus 71, Poliovirus (1-3)
- Herpes Simplex virus (types 1 and 2): family Herpesviridae
- Varicella-Zoster virus: Human (alpha) Herpesvirus 3 (varicella-zoster) from the group Herpesvirus
- Adenovirus: Adenovirus, several types (1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 7), genus Mastadenovirus, family Adenoviridae, - Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus: an Arenavirus
- Sandfly fever viruses: genus Phlebovirus, family Bunyaviridae. They include more than 60 antigenically distinct virus serotypes. Two main groups are identified: a) Sandfly fever group including the Naples serocomplex (Karimabad virus, Arabia virus, Massilia virus, Punique virus, Tehran virus, Toscana virus …) and Sicilian serocomplex; and b) Uukuniemi group
-Other virus: arboviruses…
3) Parasites: - Candida albicans, cryptococcus…
Incubation period varies with the agent
Period of transmissibility varies with the agent
Reservoir varies with the agent
Modes of transmission varies with the agent
Clinical presentation varies with the agent
Resources
Case definition - MOPH circular no. 52 (2007): Meningitis
- MOPH circular no. 63 (2007): Neisseria meningitidis
- MOPH circular no. 54 (2007): Haemophilus influenzae b
- MOPH circular no. 36 (2012): West Nile Virus
Forms - Meningitis reporting form
- Meningitis investigation form
Data - Weekly report
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ATC Name B/G Ingredients Dosage Form Price
B05BB01 RINGER'S INJECTION USP G Calcium chloride, 2H2O - 0.033%, Potassium chloride - 0.03%, Sodium chloride - 0.86% Injectable solution 205,933 L.L
B05ZA CONCENTRATE SOLUTION FOR HEMODIALYSIS TYPE E G Potassium chloride - 2.611g/l, Magnesium chloride, 6H2O - 5.32g/l, Calcium chloride, 2H2O - 7.00g/l, Sodium acetate, 3H2O - 190.505g/l, Sodium chloride - 205.49g/l Injectable solution L.L
B01AB05 LOVENOX BioTech Enoxaparin sodium - 6000UI (60mg)/0.6ml 6000UI (60mg)/0.6ml Injectable solution 1,085,825 L.L
B05BB01 RINGER'S INJECTION USP G Calcium chloride, 2H2O - 0.033%, Potassium chloride - 0.03%, Sodium chloride - 0.86% Injectable solution 224,565 L.L
B05ZA CONCENTRATE SOLUTION FOR HEMODIALYSIS TYPE F G Potassium chloride - 3.914g/l, Magnesium chloride, 6H2O - 3.558g/l, Calcium chloride, 2H2O - 7.719g/l, Acetic acid 100% - 6.010ml/l, Sodium chloride - 208.631g/l Injectable solution L.L
B01AB05 PARINOX 60 BioTech Enoxaparin sodium - 6000IU (60mg)/0.6ml 6000IU (60mg)/0.6ml Injectable solution 438,989 L.L
B05BB01 RINGER'S INJECTION, USP G Calcium chloride, 2H2O - 0.33g/l, Potassium chloride - 0.3g/l, Sodium chloride - 8.6g/l Injectable solution 204,554 L.L
B05ZA CONCENTRATE SOLUTION FOR HEMODIALYSIS TYPE SG G Potassium chloride - 3.92g/l, Magnesium chloride, 6H2O - 5.32g/l, Calcium chloride, 2H2O - 8.99g/l, Sodium acetate, 3H2O - 166.7g/l, Sodium chloride - 214.76g/l Injectable solution L.L
J05AB06 CYMEVENE B Ganciclovir (sodium) - 500mg 500mg Injectable solution 1,726,838 L.L
B01AB05 ENOMEX BioTech Enoxaparin sodium - 2000U Anti-Xa/0.2ml 2000U Anti-Xa/0.2ml Injectable solution 396,754 L.L
B05BB01 RINGER'S INJECTION, USP G Calcium chloride, 2H2O - 0.33g/l, Potassium chloride - 0.3g/l, Sodium chloride - 8.6g/l Injectable solution 154,450 L.L
B05ZA CONCENTRATE SOLUTION FOR HEMODIALYSIS L G Potassium chloride - K+:1.5 mmol/l, Magnesium chloride - Mg++:0.75 mmol/l, Calcium chloride - Ca++:1.75 mmol/l, Sodium acetate - Cl-:106.5 mmol/l, Sodium chloride - Na+:135 mmol/l Injectable solution L.L
J01DE01 CEFIPEX 1000 BENTA G Cefepime (hydrochloride) - 1,000mg 1,000mg Injectable solution 703,918 L.L
N03AG01 CONVULEX G Sodium valproate - 100mg/ml 100mg/ml Injectable solution 4,441,399 L.L
B01AB05 ENOXA MEDIS BioTech Enoxaparin sodium - 2,000U Anti-Xa/0.2ml 2,000U Anti-Xa/0.2ml Injectable solution 388,370 L.L
B05BB01 R-SOL G Calcium chloride, 2H2O - 0.033%, Potassium chloride - 0.03%, Sodium chloride - 0.86% Injectable solution 205,933 L.L
B05ZA CONCENTRATE SOLUTION FOR HEMODIALYSIS LM G Potassium chloride - K+:2.00 mmol/l, Magnesium chloride - Mg++:0.75 mmol/l, Calcium chloride - Ca++:1.75 mmol/l, Sodium acetate - Cl-:112 mmol/l, Sodium chloride - Na+:140 mmol/l Injectable solution L.L
B01AB05 ENOXAMED BioTech Enoxaparin sodium - 2000IU Anti-XA/0.2ml 2000IU Anti-XA/0.2ml Injectable solution 1,105,982 L.L
B05BB01 SERUFLEX RINGER'S INJECTION, USP G Calcium chloride, 2H2O - 0.33g/l, Potassium chloride - 0.3g/l, Sodium chloride - 8.6g/l Injectable solution 204,554 L.L
B05ZA CONCENTRATE SOLUTION FOR HEMODIALYSIS LS G Potassium chloride - K+:1.5 mmol/l, Magnesium chloride - Mg++:0.75 mmol/l, Calcium chloride - Ca++:1.75 mmol/l, Sodium acetate - Cl-:111.5 mmol/l, Sodium chloride - Na+:140 mmol/l Injectable solution L.L
G03DA03 PROLUTON DEPOT B Hydroxyprogesterone caproate - 250mg/ml 250mg/ml Injectable solution 270,112 L.L
L01CD02 DOCETAXEL EBEWE G Docetaxel - 20mg/2ml 20mg/2ml Injectable solution 5,313,553 L.L
B01AB05 ENOXAMED BioTech Enoxaparin sodium - 2000IU Anti-XA/0.2ml 2000IU Anti-XA/0.2ml Injectable solution 388,370 L.L
B05BB01 SOLUFLEX RINGER'S INJECTION, USP G Calcium chloride, 2H2O - 0.33g/l, Potassium chloride - 0.3g/l, Sodium chloride - 8.6g/l Injectable solution 221,792 L.L
B05ZA CONCENTRATE SOLUTION FOR HEMODIALYSIS LS2 G Potassium chloride - K+:1.5 mmol/l, Magnesium chloride - Mg++:0.75 mmol/l, Calcium chloride - Ca++:1.5 mmol/l, Sodium acetate - Cl-:111 mmol/l, Sodium chloride - Na+:140 mmol/l Injectable solution L.L
B01AB05 LOVENOX BioTech Enoxaparin sodium - 2,000UI (20mg)/0.2ml 2,000UI (20mg)/0.2ml Injectable solution 467,657 L.L
B05BB02 5% DEXTROSE 0.9% SODIUM CHLORIDE INJECTION G Dextrose,H2O - 5g/100ml, Sodium chloride - 0.9g/100ml Injectable solution 180,421 L.L
B05ZA CONCENTRATE SOLUTION FOR HEMODIALYSIS LS3 G Potassium chloride - K+:2.00 mmol/l, Magnesium chloride - Mg++:0.75 mmol/l, Calcium chloride - Ca++:1.60 mmol/l, Sodium acetate - Cl-:112 mmol/l, Sodium chloride - Na+:140 mmol/l Injectable solution L.L
B01AB05 PARINOX 20 BioTech Enoxaparin sodium - 2000IU (20mg)/0.2ml 2000IU (20mg)/0.2ml Injectable solution 188,138 L.L
B05BB02 5% DEXTROSE 0.9% SODIUM CHLORIDE INJECTION G Dextrose,H2O - 5g/100ml, Sodium chloride - 0.9g/100ml Injectable solution 226,388 L.L
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