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Meningitis

Generalities
Agent There are several agents causing meningitis.
1) Main Bacteria:
- Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcus): Gram negative diplococci. Main invasive serotypes are A, B, C, W135, X, and Y.
- Haemophilus influenza: Gram negative cocco-bacilli. There are 6 serotypes from (a) to (f). The serotype (b) is responsible of invasive infection.
- Streptococcus pneumonia (pneumococcus): Gram positive diplococci. There are more than 90 serotypes.
- Leptospira: spirochetes, Leptospira interrogans (26 serogroups)
- Listeria monocytogenes: Gram positive, rod-shapped
- Other bacterial agents: Staphylococcus, enteric bacteria, group B streptococci, Mycobacterium tuberculosis…
2) Virus:
- Mumps
- Measles
- West Nile virus: a Flavivirus
- Enterovirus: including Coxsackieviruses A (2-4, 7, 9-10), Coxsackieviruses B (1-6), Echoviruses (2, 5-7, 9-11, 14, 18, 30), Enterovirus 71, Poliovirus (1-3)
- Herpes Simplex virus (types 1 and 2): family Herpesviridae
- Varicella-Zoster virus: Human (alpha) Herpesvirus 3 (varicella-zoster) from the group Herpesvirus
- Adenovirus: Adenovirus, several types (1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 7), genus Mastadenovirus, family Adenoviridae, - Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus: an Arenavirus
- Sandfly fever viruses: genus Phlebovirus, family Bunyaviridae. They include more than 60 antigenically distinct virus serotypes. Two main groups are identified: a) Sandfly fever group including the Naples serocomplex (Karimabad virus, Arabia virus, Massilia virus, Punique virus, Tehran virus, Toscana virus …) and Sicilian serocomplex; and b) Uukuniemi group
-Other virus: arboviruses…
3) Parasites: - Candida albicans, cryptococcus…
Incubation period varies with the agent
Period of transmissibility varies with the agent
Reservoir varies with the agent
Modes of transmission varies with the agent
Clinical presentation varies with the agent
Resources
Case definition MOPH circular no. 52 (2007): Meningitis
MOPH circular no. 63 (2007): Neisseria meningitidis
MOPH circular no. 54 (2007): Haemophilus influenzae b
MOPH circular no. 36 (2012): West Nile Virus
Forms - Meningitis reporting form
- Meningitis investigation form
Data - Weekly report
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ATC Name B/G Ingredients Dosage Form Price
G02CB03 PROCTINMED G Cabergoline - 0.5mg 0.5mg Tablet 1,689,402 L.L
H02AB06 PREDO G Prednisolone sodium phosphate - 15mg/5ml 15mg/5ml Syrup 1,018,633 L.L
J01DD13 CEFODOX G Cefpodoxime (proxetil) - 50mg/5ml 50mg/5ml Powder for suspension 604,729 L.L
J02AX04 CANDIGARD G Caspofungin (acetate) - 70mg 70mg Injectable powder for concentrate for solution 22,127,179 L.L
L01CD01 EBETAXEL G Paclitaxel - 30mg/5ml 30mg/5ml Injectable concentrated solution 2,983,330 L.L
L01XA02 CARBOPLATINE VIATRIS 10MG/ML G Carboplatin - 150mg/15ml 150mg/15ml Injectable solution 2,867,720 L.L
L04AX04 SOTIRA G Lenalidomide - 5mg 5mg Capsule 68,908,116 L.L
N05AX08 PMS-RISPERIDONE G Risperidone - 1mg/ml 1mg/ml Solution 604,729 L.L
R05CA03 MUCINEX G Guaifenesin - 600mg 600mg Tablet, extended release 749,864 L.L
S01GX09 OLOPAT UD G Olopatadine (HCl) - 0.1% 0.1% Drops solution 1,523,917 L.L
A03FA01 METORAM G Metoclopramide HCl - 10mg/2ml 10mg/2ml Injectable solution 3,026,845 L.L
A10BB12 GLIM G Glimepiride - 2mg 2mg Tablet 401,809 L.L
B05BB01 LACTATED RINGER'S INJECTION, USP G Sodium lactate - 3.1g/l, Calcium chloride, 2H2O - 0.2g/l, Potassium chloride - 0.3g/l, Sodium chloride - 6g/l Injectable solution 216,046 L.L
B05XA05 MAGNESIUM SULFATE G Magnesium sulfate, 7H2O - 15g/100ml 15g/100ml Injectable solution 756,160 L.L
C09DB01 VIOSTAN AM 160/10 G Amlodipine besylate - 10mg, Valsartan - 160mg Tablet, film coated 1,177,206 L.L
D01BA02 BODERM G Terbinafine HCl - 250mg 250mg Tablet 749,992 L.L
H02AB06 PREDOXONE G Prednisolone sodium phosphate - 15mg/5ml 15mg/5ml Solution 417,231 L.L
J02AX04 CASPOFUNGINE STRAGEN G Caspofungin (acetate) - 70mg 70mg Injectable concentrated powder for solution 22,928,852 L.L
L01CD01 PACLITAXEL MYLAN PHARMA 6MG/ML G Paclitaxel - 30mg/5ml 30mg/5ml Injectable concentrated powder for solution 5,698,047 L.L
L01XA02 CARPLATU G Carboplatin - 150mg/15ml 150mg/15ml Injectable solution 1,277,994 L.L
M04AA03 FEBUXOSTAT ARROW G Febuxostat - 120mg 120mg Tablet, film coated 1,084,481 L.L
N07BB03 ACAMPROSATE BIOGARAN G Acamprosate - 333mg 333mg Tablet, gastroresistant 3,641,813 L.L
R05CA12 HEDERAL G Dried Ivy leaf extract (Hedera Helix) - 99mg/5ml 99mg/5ml Drops solution 384,339 L.L
A03FA01 VOMICARE INJECTION BP IM/IV G Metoclopramide - 10mg/2ml 10mg/2ml Injectable solution 247,267 L.L
A10BB12 GLUMYL 2 G Glimepiride - 2mg 2mg Tablet 189,418 L.L
B05BB01 LR G Sodium lactate - 0.31g/100ml, Calcium chloride, 2H2O - 0.02g/100ml, Potassium chloride - 0.03g/100ml, Sodium chloride - 0.598g/100ml Injectable solution 218,681 L.L
B05XA05 SULFATE DE MAGNESIUM PROAMP G Magnesium sulfate - 0.15g/ml 0.15g/ml Injectable solution 1,400,284 L.L
C09DB01 AMLODIPINE/VALSARTAN ARROW G Amlodipine (besylate) - 5mg, Valsartan - 80mg Tablet, coated 807,649 L.L
D01BA02 LAMIFEN G Terbinafine HCl - 250mg 250mg Tablet 245,923 L.L
H02AB06 XILONE FORTE G Prednisolone sodium phosphate - 15mg/5ml 15mg/5ml Solution 413,903 L.L
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