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Meningitis

Generalities
Agent There are several agents causing meningitis.
1) Main Bacteria:
- Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcus): Gram negative diplococci. Main invasive serotypes are A, B, C, W135, X, and Y.
- Haemophilus influenza: Gram negative cocco-bacilli. There are 6 serotypes from (a) to (f). The serotype (b) is responsible of invasive infection.
- Streptococcus pneumonia (pneumococcus): Gram positive diplococci. There are more than 90 serotypes.
- Leptospira: spirochetes, Leptospira interrogans (26 serogroups)
- Listeria monocytogenes: Gram positive, rod-shapped
- Other bacterial agents: Staphylococcus, enteric bacteria, group B streptococci, Mycobacterium tuberculosis…
2) Virus:
- Mumps
- Measles
- West Nile virus: a Flavivirus
- Enterovirus: including Coxsackieviruses A (2-4, 7, 9-10), Coxsackieviruses B (1-6), Echoviruses (2, 5-7, 9-11, 14, 18, 30), Enterovirus 71, Poliovirus (1-3)
- Herpes Simplex virus (types 1 and 2): family Herpesviridae
- Varicella-Zoster virus: Human (alpha) Herpesvirus 3 (varicella-zoster) from the group Herpesvirus
- Adenovirus: Adenovirus, several types (1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 7), genus Mastadenovirus, family Adenoviridae, - Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus: an Arenavirus
- Sandfly fever viruses: genus Phlebovirus, family Bunyaviridae. They include more than 60 antigenically distinct virus serotypes. Two main groups are identified: a) Sandfly fever group including the Naples serocomplex (Karimabad virus, Arabia virus, Massilia virus, Punique virus, Tehran virus, Toscana virus …) and Sicilian serocomplex; and b) Uukuniemi group
-Other virus: arboviruses…
3) Parasites: - Candida albicans, cryptococcus…
Incubation period varies with the agent
Period of transmissibility varies with the agent
Reservoir varies with the agent
Modes of transmission varies with the agent
Clinical presentation varies with the agent
Resources
Case definition - MOPH circular no. 52 (2007): Meningitis
- MOPH circular no. 63 (2007): Neisseria meningitidis
- MOPH circular no. 54 (2007): Haemophilus influenzae b
- MOPH circular no. 36 (2012): West Nile Virus
Forms - Meningitis reporting form
- Meningitis investigation form
Data - Weekly report
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ATC Name B/G Ingredients Dosage Form Price
N01AX03 KETAMINE PANPHARMA G Ketamine HCl - 250mg/5ml 250mg/5ml Injectable solution 1,534,668 L.L
N01AX10 PROPOFOL-LIPURO B Propofol - 10mg/ml 1% Injectable emulsion 1,411,035 L.L
N01AX10 DORMIFOR G Propofol - 1% 1% Injectable emulsion 1,081,473 L.L
N01AX10 PROPOFOL 1% MCT/LCT FRESENIUS G Propofol - 1% 1% Injectable emulsion 847,965 L.L
N01BB01 BUPIVACAINE AGUETTANT for spinal anaesthesia G Bupivacaine HCl - 20mg/4ml 20mg/4ml Injectable solution 1,554,826 L.L
N01BB01 BUPIVACAINE HEAVY PANPHARMA G Bupivacaine HCl - 20mg/4ml 20mg/4ml Injectable solution 2,586,897 L.L
N01BB01 BUPIVACAINE AGUETTANT 2.5MG/ML G Bupivacaine HCl - 50mg/20ml 50mg/20ml Injectable solution 2,736,063 L.L
N01BB01 BUPIVACAINE AGUETTANT 5MG/ML G Bupivacaine HCl - 100mg/20ml 100mg/20ml Injectable solution 3,078,743 L.L
N01BB02 AVOCAINE G Lidocaine - 10% 10% Spray 620,855 L.L
N01BB02 LIDOCAINE ARWAN G Lidocaine (HCl) - 0.5% 0.5% Injectable solution 1,995,158 L.L
N01BB02 LIDOCAINE ARWAN G Lidocaine (HCl) - 1% 1% Injectable solution 1,995,158 L.L
N01BB02 LIDOCAINE ARWAN G Lidocaine (HCl) - 1% 1% Injectable solution 1,995,158 L.L
N01BB02 CHLORHYDRATE DE LIDOCAINE RENAUDIN G Lidocaine (HCl) - 10mg/ml 1% Injectable solution 591,291 L.L
N01BB02 LIDOCAINE- ORBUCELL G Lidocaine HCl - 1% 1% Injectable solution 1,787,950 L.L
N01BB02 LIDOCAINE- ORBUCELL G Lidocaine HCl - 2% 2% Injectable solution 1,787,950 L.L
N01BB02 LIDOCAINE PANPHARMA 2% G Lidocaine (HCl) - 20mg/ml 2% Injectable solution 3,398,578 L.L
N01BB02 LIDO-CARE G Lidocaine - 2% 2% Injectable solution 100,788 L.L
N01BB02 ? 2% LIDOCAINE HCL USP G Lidocaine HCl - 2% 2% Injectable solution 255,970 L.L
N01BB03 MEDICAINE 3% SANS VASOCONSTRICTEUR G Mepivacaine HCl - 3% 3% Injectable solution 954,128 L.L
N01BB03 SCANDINIBSA G Mepivacaine HCl - 3% 3% Injectable solution 1,191,988 L.L
N01BB09 ROPIVACAINA MOLTENI G Ropivacaine HCl - 75mg/10ml 7.5mg/ml Injectable solution 2,332,911 L.L
N01BB09 ROPIVACAINE B. BRAUN G Ropivacaine HCl - 75mg/10ml 7.5mg/ml Injectable solution 4,831,114 L.L
N01BB52 DILOCAIN 2% G Lidocaine HCl - 20mg/1.7ml, Epinephrine (bitartrate) - 0.0125mg/1.7ml Injectable solution 2,768,316 L.L
N01BB53 MEDICAINE 2% WITH ADRENALINE G Mepivacaine HCl - 36mg/1.8ml, Epinephrine (tartrate) - 0.032mg/1.8ml Injectable solution 1,652,926 L.L
N01BB54 EMLA B Prilocaine - 25mg/g, Lidocaine - 25mg/g 5% Cream 1,763,121 L.L
N01BB54 PRILA G Prilocaine - 2.5% w/w, Lidocaine - 2.5% w/w Cream 1,057,604 L.L
N01BB58 ARTINIBSA 4% WITH EPINEPHRINE 1/100000 B Articaine HCl - 4%, Epinephrine - 1/100.000 Injectable solution 1,968,729 L.L
N01BB58 SEPTANEST ADRENALINEE B Articaine HCl - 72mg/1.8ml, Adrenaline (tartrate) - 0.033mg/1.8ml 1/100,000 Injectable solution 2,945,703 L.L
N01BB58 ARTICAINE MEDIS ADRENALINE G Articaine HCl - 40mg/ml, Adrenaline - 0.07mg/ml Injectable solution 1,881,380 L.L
N01BB58 ORABLOC G Articaine HCl - 4%, Epinephrine (tartrate) - 1/100.000 Injectable solution 2,308,721 L.L
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