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Meningitis

Generalities
Agent There are several agents causing meningitis.
1) Main Bacteria:
- Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcus): Gram negative diplococci. Main invasive serotypes are A, B, C, W135, X, and Y.
- Haemophilus influenza: Gram negative cocco-bacilli. There are 6 serotypes from (a) to (f). The serotype (b) is responsible of invasive infection.
- Streptococcus pneumonia (pneumococcus): Gram positive diplococci. There are more than 90 serotypes.
- Leptospira: spirochetes, Leptospira interrogans (26 serogroups)
- Listeria monocytogenes: Gram positive, rod-shapped
- Other bacterial agents: Staphylococcus, enteric bacteria, group B streptococci, Mycobacterium tuberculosis…
2) Virus:
- Mumps
- Measles
- West Nile virus: a Flavivirus
- Enterovirus: including Coxsackieviruses A (2-4, 7, 9-10), Coxsackieviruses B (1-6), Echoviruses (2, 5-7, 9-11, 14, 18, 30), Enterovirus 71, Poliovirus (1-3)
- Herpes Simplex virus (types 1 and 2): family Herpesviridae
- Varicella-Zoster virus: Human (alpha) Herpesvirus 3 (varicella-zoster) from the group Herpesvirus
- Adenovirus: Adenovirus, several types (1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 7), genus Mastadenovirus, family Adenoviridae, - Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus: an Arenavirus
- Sandfly fever viruses: genus Phlebovirus, family Bunyaviridae. They include more than 60 antigenically distinct virus serotypes. Two main groups are identified: a) Sandfly fever group including the Naples serocomplex (Karimabad virus, Arabia virus, Massilia virus, Punique virus, Tehran virus, Toscana virus …) and Sicilian serocomplex; and b) Uukuniemi group
-Other virus: arboviruses…
3) Parasites: - Candida albicans, cryptococcus…
Incubation period varies with the agent
Period of transmissibility varies with the agent
Reservoir varies with the agent
Modes of transmission varies with the agent
Clinical presentation varies with the agent
Resources
Case definition - MOPH circular no. 52 (2007): Meningitis
- MOPH circular no. 63 (2007): Neisseria meningitidis
- MOPH circular no. 54 (2007): Haemophilus influenzae b
- MOPH circular no. 36 (2012): West Nile Virus
Forms - Meningitis reporting form
- Meningitis investigation form
Data - Weekly report
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ATC Name B/G Ingredients Dosage Form Price
L01FF01 OPDIVO BioTech Nivolumab - 40mg/4ml 40mg/4ml Injectable solution L.L
B01AB05 ENOXAMED BioTech Enoxaparin sodium - 2000IU Anti-XA/0.2ml 2000IU Anti-XA/0.2ml Injectable solution 1,105,982 L.L
B05BB01 RINGER'S INJECTION, USP G Calcium chloride, 2H2O - 0.33g/l, Potassium chloride - 0.3g/l, Sodium chloride - 8.6g/l Injectable solution 154,450 L.L
B05ZA CONCENTRATE SOLUTION FOR HEMODIALYSIS TYPE SG G Potassium chloride - 3.92g/l, Magnesium chloride, 6H2O - 5.32g/l, Calcium chloride, 2H2O - 8.99g/l, Sodium acetate, 3H2O - 166.7g/l, Sodium chloride - 214.76g/l Injectable solution L.L
L01FF03 IMFINZI BioTech Durvalumab - 120mg/2.4ml 120mg/2.4ml Injectable solution 59,776,110 L.L
L04AC05 STELARA BioTech Ustekinumab - 45mg 45mg Injectable solution 157,788,141 L.L
L01FG02 CYRAMZA BioTech Ramucirumab - 500mg/50ml 500mg/50ml Injectable solution L.L
B01AB05 ENOXAMED BioTech Enoxaparin sodium - 2000IU Anti-XA/0.2ml 2000IU Anti-XA/0.2ml Injectable solution 388,370 L.L
B05BB01 R-SOL G Calcium chloride, 2H2O - 0.033%, Potassium chloride - 0.03%, Sodium chloride - 0.86% Injectable solution 205,933 L.L
B05ZA CONCENTRATE SOLUTION FOR HEMODIALYSIS L G Potassium chloride - K+:1.5 mmol/l, Magnesium chloride - Mg++:0.75 mmol/l, Calcium chloride - Ca++:1.75 mmol/l, Sodium acetate - Cl-:106.5 mmol/l, Sodium chloride - Na+:135 mmol/l Injectable solution L.L
L04AC05 STELARA BioTech Ustekinumab - 45mg 45mg Injectable solution 157,788,141 L.L
B01AB05 LOVENOX BioTech Enoxaparin sodium - 2,000UI (20mg)/0.2ml 2,000UI (20mg)/0.2ml Injectable solution 467,657 L.L
B05BB01 SERUFLEX RINGER'S INJECTION, USP G Calcium chloride, 2H2O - 0.33g/l, Potassium chloride - 0.3g/l, Sodium chloride - 8.6g/l Injectable solution 204,554 L.L
B05ZA CONCENTRATE SOLUTION FOR HEMODIALYSIS LM G Potassium chloride - K+:2.00 mmol/l, Magnesium chloride - Mg++:0.75 mmol/l, Calcium chloride - Ca++:1.75 mmol/l, Sodium acetate - Cl-:112 mmol/l, Sodium chloride - Na+:140 mmol/l Injectable solution L.L
J02AC01 FLUCTOBAR G Fluconazole - 100mg/50ml 100mg/50ml Injectable solution 522,755 L.L
L04AC05 USTEKIREL BioTech Ustekinumab - 45mg 45mg Injectable solution 62,284,555 L.L
N05AF05 CLOPIXOL DEPOT B Zuclopenthixol decanoate - 200mg/ml 200mg/ml Injectable solution 512,004 L.L
B01AB05 PARINOX 20 BioTech Enoxaparin sodium - 2000IU (20mg)/0.2ml 2000IU (20mg)/0.2ml Injectable solution 188,138 L.L
B05BB01 SOLUFLEX RINGER'S INJECTION, USP G Calcium chloride, 2H2O - 0.33g/l, Potassium chloride - 0.3g/l, Sodium chloride - 8.6g/l Injectable solution 221,792 L.L
B05ZA CONCENTRATE SOLUTION FOR HEMODIALYSIS LS G Potassium chloride - K+:1.5 mmol/l, Magnesium chloride - Mg++:0.75 mmol/l, Calcium chloride - Ca++:1.75 mmol/l, Sodium acetate - Cl-:111.5 mmol/l, Sodium chloride - Na+:140 mmol/l Injectable solution L.L
L04AC05 STELARA BioTech Ustekinumab - 90mg 90mg Injectable solution 157,788,141 L.L
N05AF05 CLOPIXOL ACUPHASE B Zuclopenthixol acetate - 100mg/2ml 100mg/2ml Injectable solution 857,372 L.L
L04AC05 STELARA BioTech Ustekinumab - 90mg 90mg Injectable solution L.L
B01AB05 ENOXAMED BioTech Enoxaparin sodium - 10000IU Anti-XA/1ml 10000IU Anti-XA/1ml Injectable solution 1,209,458 L.L
B05BB02 5% DEXTROSE 0.9% SODIUM CHLORIDE INJECTION G Dextrose,H2O - 5g/100ml, Sodium chloride - 0.9g/100ml Injectable solution 180,421 L.L
B05ZA CONCENTRATE SOLUTION FOR HEMODIALYSIS LS2 G Potassium chloride - K+:1.5 mmol/l, Magnesium chloride - Mg++:0.75 mmol/l, Calcium chloride - Ca++:1.5 mmol/l, Sodium acetate - Cl-:111 mmol/l, Sodium chloride - Na+:140 mmol/l Injectable solution L.L
L01FF05 TECENTRIQ BioTech Atezolizumab - 1875mg/15ml 1875mg/15ml Injectable solution 375,054,619 L.L
L04AC05 STELARA BioTech Ustekinumab - 90mg 90mg Injectable solution 157,788,141 L.L
B05BB02 5% DEXTROSE 0.9% SODIUM CHLORIDE INJECTION G Dextrose,H2O - 5g/100ml, Sodium chloride - 0.9g/100ml Injectable solution 226,388 L.L
B05ZA CONCENTRATE SOLUTION FOR HEMODIALYSIS LS3 G Potassium chloride - K+:2.00 mmol/l, Magnesium chloride - Mg++:0.75 mmol/l, Calcium chloride - Ca++:1.60 mmol/l, Sodium acetate - Cl-:112 mmol/l, Sodium chloride - Na+:140 mmol/l Injectable solution L.L
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