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Meningitis

Generalities
Agent There are several agents causing meningitis.
1) Main Bacteria:
- Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcus): Gram negative diplococci. Main invasive serotypes are A, B, C, W135, X, and Y.
- Haemophilus influenza: Gram negative cocco-bacilli. There are 6 serotypes from (a) to (f). The serotype (b) is responsible of invasive infection.
- Streptococcus pneumonia (pneumococcus): Gram positive diplococci. There are more than 90 serotypes.
- Leptospira: spirochetes, Leptospira interrogans (26 serogroups)
- Listeria monocytogenes: Gram positive, rod-shapped
- Other bacterial agents: Staphylococcus, enteric bacteria, group B streptococci, Mycobacterium tuberculosis…
2) Virus:
- Mumps
- Measles
- West Nile virus: a Flavivirus
- Enterovirus: including Coxsackieviruses A (2-4, 7, 9-10), Coxsackieviruses B (1-6), Echoviruses (2, 5-7, 9-11, 14, 18, 30), Enterovirus 71, Poliovirus (1-3)
- Herpes Simplex virus (types 1 and 2): family Herpesviridae
- Varicella-Zoster virus: Human (alpha) Herpesvirus 3 (varicella-zoster) from the group Herpesvirus
- Adenovirus: Adenovirus, several types (1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 7), genus Mastadenovirus, family Adenoviridae, - Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus: an Arenavirus
- Sandfly fever viruses: genus Phlebovirus, family Bunyaviridae. They include more than 60 antigenically distinct virus serotypes. Two main groups are identified: a) Sandfly fever group including the Naples serocomplex (Karimabad virus, Arabia virus, Massilia virus, Punique virus, Tehran virus, Toscana virus …) and Sicilian serocomplex; and b) Uukuniemi group
-Other virus: arboviruses…
3) Parasites: - Candida albicans, cryptococcus…
Incubation period varies with the agent
Period of transmissibility varies with the agent
Reservoir varies with the agent
Modes of transmission varies with the agent
Clinical presentation varies with the agent
Resources
Case definition MOPH circular no. 52 (2007): Meningitis
MOPH circular no. 63 (2007): Neisseria meningitidis
MOPH circular no. 54 (2007): Haemophilus influenzae b
MOPH circular no. 36 (2012): West Nile Virus
Forms - Meningitis reporting form
- Meningitis investigation form
Data - Weekly report
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ATC Name B/G Ingredients Dosage Form Price
J01DD02 CEFTAZIDIME PANPHARMA G Ceftazidime (pentahydrate) - 1g 1g Injectable powder for solution 3,300,477 L.L
L01AX03 TEMOZOLOMIDE GP PHARM G Temozolomide - 100mg 100mg Capsule, hard 4,511,279 L.L
M01AH05 COXIFLAM G Etoricoxib - 90mg 90mg Tablet, film coated 1,293,928 L.L
N02BE01 PARA-DENK 125 SUPPOS. G Paracetamol - 125mg 125mg Suppository 190,826 L.L
N05AD01 HALOPERIDOL G Haloperidol - 2mg 2mg Tablet 252,130 L.L
N06AX21 PMS-DULOXETINE G Duloxetine HCl - 60mg 60mg Capsule, delayed release 976,973 L.L
S01AE07 FORTYMOX G Moxifloxacin (HCl) - 0.5% 0.5% Drops solution 772,709 L.L
A02BC05 EXONAR G Esomeprazole (magnesium trihydrate) - 20mg 20mg Capsule, delayed release 511,940 L.L
A11CC05 CHOLECALCIFEROL BIOGARAN G Vitamin D3 - 100,000UI/2ml 100,000UI Solution 115,570 L.L
B03AD VITEXFER G Folic acid - 1mg, Ascorbic acid - 200mg, Iron ferrous fumarate - 100mg Tablet, film coated 791,523 L.L
B05XA01 POTASSIUM CHLORIDE G Potassium chloride - 7.46g/100ml 7.46g/100ml Injectable solution 2,822,386 L.L
D10BA01 CURACNE G Isotretinoin - 5mg 5mg Capsule, soft gelatin 856,028 L.L
J01DD02 FORTECARE G Ceftazidime - 1g 1g Injectable powder for solution 10,011,695 L.L
J01RA MEDSPIRAGYL G Metronidazole - 125mg, Spiramycin - 750,000IU Tablet, scored 474,824 L.L
M01AH05 ETOXA G Etoricoxib - 90mg 90mg Tablet, film coated 1,293,928 L.L
N02BE01 SULDEX 125 G Paracetamol - 125mg 125mg Suppository 110,067 L.L
N05AD01 HALOPERIDOL G Haloperidol - 10mg 10mg Tablet 339,160 L.L
N06AX21 DULOXA 30 G Duloxetine HCl - 30mg 30mg Capsule, delayed release 716,716 L.L
S01AE07 IMOX G Moxifloxacin (HCl) - 0.5% 0.5% Drops 464,970 L.L
C02KX01 BOSENTAN ARROW G Bosentan (monohydrate) - 62.5mg 62.5mg Tablet, film coated L.L
A02BC05 NEXPRAZOL 20 G Esomeprazole - 20mg 20mg Tablet, enteric coated 275,168 L.L
A11CC05 ORAVIL G Vitamin D3 - 100,000IU/2ml 100,000IU Solution 618,168 L.L
B05XA01 POTASSIUM CHLORIDE G Potassium chloride - 7.46g/100ml 7.46g/100ml Injectable solution 663,077 L.L
C07AA05 APO-PROPRANOLOL G Propranolol HCl - 10mg 10mg Tablet, scored 280,863 L.L
C10AA07 ROSUCOR G Rosuvastatin (calcium) - 5mg 5mg Tablet, film coated 360,918 L.L
D10BA01 CURACNE G Isotretinoin - 5mg 5mg Capsule, soft gelatin 856,028 L.L
G04CA04 SILODOSINE ARROW G Silodosine - 4mg 4mg Capsule 732,394 L.L
J01DD02 NEGACEF G Ceftazidime (pentahydrate) - 1g 1g Injectable dry powder for solution 4,421,242 L.L
J01RA SPIRAGYL G Metronidazole - 125mg, Spiramycin - 750,000IU Tablet, scored 474,824 L.L
L01AX03 TEMOZOLOMIDE ACCORD G Temozolomide - 20mg 20mg Capsule, hard 1,153,017 L.L
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