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Meningitis

Generalities
Agent There are several agents causing meningitis.
1) Main Bacteria:
- Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcus): Gram negative diplococci. Main invasive serotypes are A, B, C, W135, X, and Y.
- Haemophilus influenza: Gram negative cocco-bacilli. There are 6 serotypes from (a) to (f). The serotype (b) is responsible of invasive infection.
- Streptococcus pneumonia (pneumococcus): Gram positive diplococci. There are more than 90 serotypes.
- Leptospira: spirochetes, Leptospira interrogans (26 serogroups)
- Listeria monocytogenes: Gram positive, rod-shapped
- Other bacterial agents: Staphylococcus, enteric bacteria, group B streptococci, Mycobacterium tuberculosis…
2) Virus:
- Mumps
- Measles
- West Nile virus: a Flavivirus
- Enterovirus: including Coxsackieviruses A (2-4, 7, 9-10), Coxsackieviruses B (1-6), Echoviruses (2, 5-7, 9-11, 14, 18, 30), Enterovirus 71, Poliovirus (1-3)
- Herpes Simplex virus (types 1 and 2): family Herpesviridae
- Varicella-Zoster virus: Human (alpha) Herpesvirus 3 (varicella-zoster) from the group Herpesvirus
- Adenovirus: Adenovirus, several types (1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 7), genus Mastadenovirus, family Adenoviridae, - Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus: an Arenavirus
- Sandfly fever viruses: genus Phlebovirus, family Bunyaviridae. They include more than 60 antigenically distinct virus serotypes. Two main groups are identified: a) Sandfly fever group including the Naples serocomplex (Karimabad virus, Arabia virus, Massilia virus, Punique virus, Tehran virus, Toscana virus …) and Sicilian serocomplex; and b) Uukuniemi group
-Other virus: arboviruses…
3) Parasites: - Candida albicans, cryptococcus…
Incubation period varies with the agent
Period of transmissibility varies with the agent
Reservoir varies with the agent
Modes of transmission varies with the agent
Clinical presentation varies with the agent
Resources
Case definition MOPH circular no. 52 (2007): Meningitis
MOPH circular no. 63 (2007): Neisseria meningitidis
MOPH circular no. 54 (2007): Haemophilus influenzae b
MOPH circular no. 36 (2012): West Nile Virus
Forms - Meningitis reporting form
- Meningitis investigation form
Data - Weekly report
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ATC Name B/G Ingredients Dosage Form Price
H05AA02 FORTEO BioTech Teriparatide - 250mcg/ml 20mcg/80mcl Injectable solution 24,834,241 L.L
A16AB04 FABRAZYME BioTech Agalsidase beta - 35mg 35mg Injectable powder for concentrate for solution L.L
A10BD20 FLORIMET 5/1000 G Metformin - 1000mg, Empagliflozin - 5mg Tablet, film coated 1,836,585 L.L
R03AK06 FLUDALT DUO G Salmeterol (xinafoate) - 50mcg, Fluticasone propionate - 100mcg Capsule, inhalation 1,709,989 L.L
R03AK06 FLUDALT DUO G Salmeterol (xinafoate) - 50mcg, Fluticasone propionate - 250mcg Capsule, inhalation 2,393,122 L.L
A02BA03 FAMODAR 20 G Famotidine - 20mg 20mg Tablet, film coated 552,319 L.L
R03AK06 FLUDALT DUO G Salmeterol (xinafoate) - 50mcg, Fluticasone propionate - 500mcg Capsule, inhalation 3,048,930 L.L
A02BA03 FAMONOR G Famotidine - 20mg 20mg Tablet, film coated 220,390 L.L
A02BA03 FAMODAR 40 G Famotidine - 40mg 40mg Tablet, film coated 552,319 L.L
A02BA03 FAMONOR G Famotidine - 40mg 40mg Tablet, film coated 439,436 L.L
M01AE51 FLUMIX BENTA G Ibuprofen - 200mg, Guaifenesin - 200mg, Chlorpheniramine maleate - 2mg, Phenylephrine HCl - 5mg Tablet, film coated 875,417 L.L
C03CA01 FURESIX 40 G Furosemide - 40mg 40mg Tablet 166,381 L.L
M01AE51 FLUMIX BENTA G Ibuprofen - 200mg, Guaifenesin - 200mg, Chlorpheniramine maleate - 2mg, Phenylephrine HCl - 5mg Tablet, film coated 460,746 L.L
N02BE01 FEBRADOL G Paracetamol - 500mg 500mg Tablet 327,642 L.L
C03CA01 FUROSETIC G Furosemide - 40mg 40mg Tablet, scored 121,586 L.L
J01CR50 FLUMOX G Flucloxacillin (monohydrate) - 250mg, Amoxicillin (trihydrate) - 250mg Capsule 348,055 L.L
A07AX03 FUROXYL G Nifuroxazide - 200mg 200mg Capsule 366,037 L.L
C03CA01 FRURETIC G Furosemide - 20mg/2ml 20mg/2ml Injectable solution 2,600,655 L.L
L04AA27 FINGOLIMOD ZENTIVA G Fingolimod Hydrochloride - 0.5mg 0.5mg Capsule, hard 32,406,715 L.L
C03CA01 FUROLIX G Furosemide - 20mg/2ml 20mg/2ml Injectable solution 1,612,611 L.L
C03CA01 FUROSEMIDE RENAUDIN G Furosemide (sodium) - 20mg/2ml 20mg/2ml Injectable solution 451,531 L.L
C03CA01 FUROSEMIDE SALF G Furosemide - 20mg/2ml 20mg/2ml Injectable solution 216,359 L.L
R03AK07 FORACORT 200 G Formoterol fumarate dihydrate - 4.5mcg/inhalation, Budesonide - 200mcg/inhalation Metered dose inhaler 2,159,555 L.L
N02BE01 FEBRADOL JOINT G Paracetamol - 665mg 665mg Tablet 289,246 L.L
R03AK07 FORACORT 400 G Formoterol fumarate - 4.5mcg/inhalation, Budesonide - 400mcg/inhalation Metered dose inhaler 3,104,276 L.L
C03CA01 FUROSEMIDE RENAUDIN G Furosemide - 250mg/25ml 250mg/25ml Injectable solution 1,791,342 L.L
J01MA12 FLOBIOX G Levofloxacin - 500mg 500mg Tablet, film coated 629,686 L.L
C03CA01 FUROSEMIDE S.A.L.F. G Furosemide - 250mg/25ml 250mg/25ml Injectable solution 919,188 L.L
J01MA12 FLOBIOX G Levofloxacin - 500mg 500mg Tablet, film coated 794,787 L.L
J01MA12 FLOXIN-L 500 G Levofloxacin (hemihydrate) - 500mg 500mg Tablet, film coated 831,903 L.L
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