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Overview

Generalities
Agents Several agents:
 
1) Bacteria:
- Neisseria meningitides (meningococcus): the serotypes responsible of invasive infection are A, B, C, W135, Y, X
- Haemophilus influenza: there are 6 serotypes from (a) to (f). The serotype (b) is responsible of invasive infection
- Streptococcus pneumonia (pneumococcus): there are more than 90 serotypes
- Other bacterial agents: listeria, staphylococcus, enteric bacteria, group B streptococci, tuberculosis …
 
2) Virus:
- Mumps
- Measles
- West Nile virus: a flavivirus
- Enterovirus: including Coxsackieviruses A (1-11, 14, 16-18, 22, 24), Coxsackieviruses B (1-6), Echoviruses (1-7, 9-23, 25, 27, 30-33), Enterovirus 71, Poliovirus (1-3)
- Herpes Simplex virus: with 2 types 1 and 2
- Varicella / Chicken-pox: Human (alpha) herpesvirus 3 (varicella-zoster) from the group Herpesvirus
- Adenovirus: Adenovirus, several types (1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 7), genus Mastadenovirus, family Adenoviridae,
- Lymphocytic choriomeningitis: lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (arenavirus)
- Sandfly fever viruses: genus phlebovirus, family Bunyaviridae. They include more than 60 antigenically distinct virus serotypes. Two main groups are identified: the sandfly fever group including the Naples serocomplex (Karimabad virus, Arabia virus, Massilia virus, Punique virus, Tehran virus, Toscana virus …) and Sicilian serocomplex; and the Uukuniemi group.
-Other virus: arboviruses…
 
3) Parasites and fungi:
- Leptospirosis: Spirochetes, Leptospira interrogans  (25 serogroups)
- Other:  Candida albicans, cryptococcal, syphilis …
Incubation The incubation varies with the agent.
 
Agent Incubation
Bacteria  
Neisseria meningitidis 3-4 days (2-10 days)
Haemophilus influenza 2-4 days
Streptococcus pneumoniae 1-4 days
Listeria monocytogenes 3-70 days (median of 3 weeks)
Virus  
West Nile virus 3-12 days
Enterovirus 7-14 days (2-35 days)
Herpes 2-12 days
Varicella / Chicken-pox 2-3 weeks
Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus 8-13 days (15-21 days for meningitis)
Adenovirus 1-10 days
Sandfly fever viruses 3-4 days (up to 6 days)
Parasites and Mycoses  
Leptospira 2-30 days (10 days)
 
 
 
Period of communicability The period of communicability varies with the agent.
 
Agent Period of communicability
Bacteria  
Neisseria meningitidis From onset and up to 24 hours after starting antibiotherapy that has effective concentrations in nasopharynx.
Haemophilus influenza From onset and up to 24-48 hours of starting effective antibiotherapy.
Streptococcus pneumoniae As long as the bacteria is present in the upper respiratory tract.
Listeria monocytogenes - Mothers of infected newborns can shed the bacteria in vaginal discharges and urine 7-0 days after delivery
- Infected patients can shed the bacteria in stool for several months
Virus  
West Nile virus No person-to-person transmission.
Enterovirus - Virus excreted in stools for several weeks
- Virus excreted in pharynx for the first 2 weeks post infection
Herpes 2-7 weeks after skin lesions onset.
Varicella / Chicken-pox 2 days before until the skin lesions are crusted (5 days).
Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus No person to person transmission.
Adenovirus Shortly prior to and for the duration of the active disease
Sandfly fever viruses Virus present in blood of infected patients 1 day before and 1 day after onset of illness.
Parasites and Mycoses  
Leptospira Excreted in urine for 1 month
 
 
Reservoir The reservoir varies with the agent.
 
Agent Reservoir
Bacteria  
Neisseria meningitidis Humans
Haemophilus influenza Humans
Streptococcus pneumoniae Humans, possible carriage.
Listeria monocytogenes Soil, forage, water, mud and silage.
Virus  
West Nile virus Birds
Enterovirus Humans
Herpes Humans
Varicella / Chicken-pox Humans
Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus House mouse (Mus musculus), hamster colonies. The mouse excretes the virus in saliva, feces and urine.
Adenovirus Humans
Sandfly fever viruses Humans, rodents.
Parasites and Mycoses  
Leptospira Wild and domestic animals
 
 
Modes of transmission The modes of transmission vary with the agent.
 
Agent Modes of transmission
Bacteria  
Neisseria meningitidis Person to person transmission: direct contact with droplet, nasal and throat discharge
Haemophilus influenza Person to person transmission: direct contact with respiratory, nasal and throat discharge.
Streptococcus pneumoniae Person to person transmission: direct contact with respiratory discharge
Listeria monocytogenes - Food-borne: ingestion of raw or contaminated milk, soft cheese vegetables and ready-to-eat meats (Pate)
- Direct contact with infectious material
- Neonatal: from mother to fetus or from mother to newborn (through the infected birth canal)
- Nosocomial transmission in nursery: via contaminated equipment or material
Virus  
West Nile virus Bite by infected mosquitoes (Culex sp, or Anophele sp)
Enterovirus - Person-to-person:
- Fecal-oral
- Contact with respiratory secretions
- Contact with conjunctival secretions
- Contaminated water / swimming pools
- Flies
Herpes - Person-to-person:
- Contact with saliva
- Sexual contact
- Soiled hands
- Neonatal (infected birth canal)
Varicella / Chicken-pox - Person-to-person:
- Contact with droplets
- Contact with vesicle fluid
- Indirect contact
- Airborne
Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus - Airborne: contaminated dust
- Food-borne: ingestion of contaminated food
- Direct contact: skin contamination or cuts
Adenovirus - Person-to-person:
- Fecal-oral route
- Respiratory transmission
- Inoculation with conjunctival secretions
- Nosocomial
- Contaminated water and swimming pools
Sandfly fever viruses Bite of infective phlebotomine (Phlebotomus papatasi, P. perfiliewi , P. perniciosus, P. major sensu lato )
Parasites and Mycoses  
Leptospira - Contact with abraded skin or mucous membranes with soil, vegetation, contaminated with urine of infected animals or contaminated water
- Direct contact with urine or tissues of infected animals
- Ingestion of food or water contaminated with urine of infected animals
 
 
Clinical The symptoms vary with the agent.
 
Agent Clinical picture
Bacteria  
Neisseria meningitidis Meningitis, septicaemia
Haemophilus influenza Meningitis, epiglottitis, pneumonia …
Streptococcus pneumoniae Meningitis, pneumonia, septicaemia
Listeria monocytogenes  
Virus  
West Nile virus - Usually asymptomatic.
- Complication: meningitis and encephalitis
Enterovirus - Asymptomatic,
- Gastro-enteritis, flu-like illness, aseptic meningitis, paralysis
Herpes - Gingivostomatitis (type1), genital infection (type 2)
- Complications: meningoencephalitis
- Reactivation is possible
Varicella / Chicken-pox - Skin eruption: first maculo-papular then vesicular.
- Complications: pneumonia, hemorrhage, meningoencephalitis
Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus - Influenza-like illness.
- Complications: meningitis, parotiditis, arthritis, myocarditis…
Adenovirus - Epidemic herato-conjunctivitis, gastro-enteritis, pharyngo-conjunctival fever, acute respiratory infection
- Complications: meningoencephalitis
Sandfly fever viruses - Usually self-limited disease: fever, myalgia, headache, photophobia …
- Complications: Aseptic meningitis and meningoencephalitis (Toscana),
Parasites and Mycoses  
Leptospira Rash, hemolytic anemia, hemorrhage, hepato-renal failure, mental confusion, myocarditis…
 
 
Worldwide  
Agent Profil
Bacteria  
Neisseria meningitidis Endemic in the African meninigitis belt (from Senegal to Ethiopa)
Haemophilus influenza Worldwide under 5 years
Streptococcus pneumoniae Worldwide
Listeria monocytogenes Worldwide
Virus  
West Nile virus Widespread in Africa, Middle East, North America, India.
 
Enterovirus Worldwide
Herpes Worldwide
Varicella / Chicken-pox Worldwide
Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus America, Europe.
Adenovirus Worldwide
Sandfly fever viruses In Mediterranean counties, Europe and Middle East
Parasites and Mycoses  
Leptospirose Worldwide
 
 
Lebanon The annual average of reported cases of meningitis is 192.
Among them, meningitis due to Neisseria meningitis occurs with 6 (2-12) cases per year.
Among them, meningitis due to Haemophilus influenza occurs with 1 (0-2) cases per year.
Among them, meningitis due to Streptococcus pneumoniae occurs with 19 (16-21) cases per year.
 
Control objective Control
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ATC Name B/G Ingredients Dosage Form Price
J07AL02 PREVENAR 20 B Pneumococcal polysaccharide for serotypes 1, 3, 4, 5 , 6A, 7F,8, 9V,10A, 11A, 12F, 14, 15B, 18C, 19A, 19F,22F, 23F, 33F (2.2mcg) Pneumococcal polysaccharide for serotypes 6B (4.4mcg)Conjugated to CRM197 carrier protein (approximately 51mcg) adsorbed on aluminium phosphate (0.125mg aluminium) - Injectable suspension 7,415,107 L.L
J07AL02 VAXNEUVANCE B Pneumococcal polysaccharide for serotypes 1, 3, 4, 5 , 6A, 7F, 9V,14, 18C, 19A, 19F, 22F, 23F,33F (2mcg) Pneumococcal polysaccharide for serotypes 6B (4.4mcg) Conjugated to CRM197 carrier protein and adsorbed on aluminium phosphate adjuvant - Injectable suspension 6,988,413 L.L
J07AP03 TYPHIBEV TYPHOID CONJUGATED VACCINE (MONOVALENT) B Salmonella typhi polysaccharides Vi purified - 25mcg of Vi-PS2/0.5ml Injectable suspension 4,020,777 L.L
J07BB01 VAXIGRIP B Influenza vaccine virus inactivated - 15mcg/3strains/0.5ml 15mcg/3strains/0.5ml Injectable suspension 768,678 L.L
J07BB01 INFLUVAC TETRA B Influenza virus surface antigens inactivated (haemagglutinin and neuraminidase) - 15mcg/4strains/0.5ml Injectable suspension 970,254 L.L
J07BB01 VAXIGRIPTETRA, VACCIN GRIPPAL QUADRIVALENT (INACTIVE A VIRION FRAGMENTE) B Influenza vaccine virus (inactivated, split) - 15mcg/4strains/0.5ml Injectable suspension 970,254 L.L
J07BB01 GC FLU QUADRIVALENT INFLUENZA VACCINE G Influenza vaccine inactivated (split virion, purified, quadrivalent) (H1N1, H3N2,BVR-26, B/Phuket/3073/2013) - 15mcg/4strains/0.5ml Injectable suspension 791,523 L.L
J07BB02 INFLUVAC B Grippal virus surface antigen 3strains - 15mcgx3strains/0.5ml Injectable suspension 573,821 L.L
J07BC01 ENGERIX-B 20 B Hepatitis B, purified antigen - 20mcg/ml 20mcg/ml Injectable suspension 1,652,926 L.L
J07BC01 ENGERIX-B 10 B Hepatitis B, surface antigen - 10mcg/0.5ml 10mcg/0.5ml Injectable suspension 1,042,822 L.L
J07BC01 HEPATITIS-B VACCINE (r DNA) PAEDIATRIC G Hepatitis B, purified surface antigen adsorbed on aluminium hydroxide (Al+++) (0.25mg to 0.40mg) - 10mcg/0.5ml 10mcg/0.5ml Injectable suspension 646,388 L.L
J07BC02 HAVRIX '1440' B Hepatitis A, inactivated, whole virus - 1,440 ELISA units/ml 1,440 ELISA units/ml Injectable suspension 2,215,996 L.L
J07BC02 HAVRIX JUNIOR 720 B Hepatitis A, inactivated, whole virus - 720 ELISA units/0.5ml 720 ELISA units/0.5ml Injectable suspension 1,491,665 L.L
J07BC02 AVAXIM PEDIATRIQUE (vaccin inactivé de l'hépatite A adsorbé) B Hepatitis A, inactivated, whole virus - 80 antigen units/0.5ml 80 antigen units/0.5ml Injectable suspension 1,531,980 L.L
J07BC02 VAQTA B Hepatitis A, inactivated, whole virus - 25U/0.5ml 25U/0.5ml Injectable suspension 2,539,862 L.L
J07BC02 HEALIVE-HEPATITIS A VACCINE (HUMAN DIPLOID CELL) INACTIVATED BioTech Hepatitis A, inactivated antigen (TZ84 Strain), human diploid cell - 0.5ml/dose 0.5ml/dose Injectable suspension 1,777,904 L.L
J07BC02 HEALIVE-HEPATITIS A VACCINE (HUMAN DIPLOID CELL) INACTIVATED BioTech Hepatitis A, inactivated antigen (TZ84 Strain), human diploid cell - 1ml/dose 0.5ml/dose Injectable suspension 2,257,655 L.L
J07BF03 POLIOMYELITIS VACCINE INACTIVATED B Poliomyelitis virus type 1 inactivated - 40D.U, Poliomyelitis virus type 2 inactivated - 8D.U, Poliomyelitis virus type 3 inactivated - 32D.U Injectable suspension 1,206,771 L.L
L03AB03 IMUKIN BioTech Interferon gamma - 100mcg/0.5ml 100mcg/0.5ml Injectable suspension 6,348,312 L.L
J07BK01 VARICELLA VACCINE LIVE BioTech Varicella-herpes zoster virus (Oka strain), grown in human diploid cells (SV-cell line), live attenuated - Injectable suspension 3,104,276 L.L
J07BM03 GARDASIL 9 HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS 9- VALENT VACCINE RECOMBINANT B Papillomavirus (human type 6) - 30mcg/0.5ml, Papillomavirus (human type 11) - 40mcg/0.5ml, Papillomavirus (human type 16) - 60mcg/0.5ml, Papillomavirus (human type 18) - 40mcg/0.5ml, Papillomavirus (human type 31) - 20mcg/0.5ml, Papillomavirus (human type 33) - 20mcg/0.5ml, Papillomavirus (human type 45) - 20mcg/0.5ml, Papillomavirus (human type 52) - 20mcg/0.5ml, Papillomavirus (human type 58) - 20mcg/0.5ml Injectable suspension 14,139,396 L.L
J07CA02 TETRAXIM (Vaccin Diphterique, tetanique, coquelucheux acellulaire et Poliomyelitique inactivé adsorbé) B Diphteria toxoid purified - ?30IU, Tetanus toxoid purified - ?40IU, Poliomyelitis virus type 1 inactivated - 40D.U., Poliomyelitis virus type 2 inactivated - 8D.U., Poliomyelitis virus type 3 inactivated - 32D.U., Bordetella Pertussis Antigens: toxoid - 25mcg, Bordetella Pertussis Antigens: filamentous haemagglutinin - 25mcg Injectable suspension 1,628,737 L.L
J07CA09 INFANRIX HEXA B Diphteria toxoid purified (Prefilled syringe) - ?30IU/0.5ml, Tetanus toxoid purified (prefilled syringe) - ?40IU/0.5ml, Bordetella pertussis antigen (Prefilled syringe) - toxoid 25mcg+filamentous haemaglutinin 25mcg+pertactin 8mcg/0.5ml, Poliomyelitis virus type 1 antigen (prefilled syringe) - 40D.U./0.5ml, Poliomyelitis virus type 2 antigen(prefilled syringe) - 8D.U./0.5ml, Poliomyelitis virus type 3 antigen (prefilled syringe) - 32D.U./0.5ml, HBs Antigen (prefilled syringe) - 10mcg/0.5ml, H. Influenza type b polysaccharide (Vial) - 10mcg/0.5ml Injectable suspension 4,230,416 L.L
J07CA09 HEXAXIM BioTech Diphteria Toxoid - ?20IU/0.5ml, Tetanus toxoid - ?40IU/0.5ml, Bordetella Pertussis Antigens: toxoid - 25mcg/0.5ml, Bordetella Pertussis Antigens: filamentous haemagglutinin - 25mcg/0.5ml, Polio virus inactivated type 1 (Mahoney strain) - 40D antigen units/0.5ml, Polio virus inactivated type 2 (MEF-I strain) - 8D antigen units/0.5ml, Polio virus inactivated type 3 (Saukett strain) - 32D antigen units/0.5ml, Hepatitis B, surface antigen - 10mcg/0.5ml, H. Influenza type b polysaccharide1 ,2 - 12mcg/0.5ml, 1 conjugated to tetanus protein - 22-36mcg, 2 adsorbed on aluminium hydroxide hydrated, Al+++ - 0.6mg Injectable suspension 4,462,901 L.L
J07CA09 HEXASIIL VACCINE (DIPHTERIA, TETANUS, PERTUSSIS, HEPATITIS B, POLIO, HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZA TYPE B) Diphteria Toxoid - ?30IU/0.5ml, Tetanus toxoid - ?40IU/0.5ml, Bordetella pertussis (Whole cell) - ?4IU/0.5ml, Hepatitis B, surface antigen - 15mcg/0.5ml, Polio virus inactivated type 1 (Mahoney strain) - 40D antigen units/0.5ml, Polio virus inactivated type 2 (MEF-I strain) - 8D antigen units/0.5ml, Polio virus inactivated type 3 (Saukett strain) - 32D antigen units/0.5ml, H. Influenza type b polysaccharide1 ,2 - 10mcg/0.5ml, 1 conjugated to tetanus protein - 19-33mcg, 2 adsorbed on aluminium hydroxide hydrated, Al+++ - ?1.25mg Injectable suspension 3,594,779 L.L
J07CA11 DIPHTHERIA, TETANUS,PERTUSSIS, HEPATITIS B AND HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE TYPE B CONJUGATE VACCINE B Diphteria Toxoid1 - ?25Lf (?30IU)/0.5ml, Tetanus toxoid1 - ?2.5Lf (?40IU)/0.5ml, Bordetella pertussis (Whole cell) - ?16OU (?4.0IU)/0.5ml, HBs Antigen (r DNA)1 - ?10mcg/0.5ml, H. Influenza type b, purified capsular polysaccharide2 - 10mcg/0.5ml, 1 adsorbed on aluminium phosphate, Al+++ - ?1.25mg , 2 conjugated to tetanos toxoid carrier protein - Injectable suspension 1,515,854 L.L
H02AB01 DIPROFOS B Betamethasone (dipropionate) - 5mg/ml, Betamethasone (sodium phosphate) - 2mg/ml Injectable suspension 446,156 L.L
H02AB04 DEPO MEDROL B Methylprednisolone acetate - 40mg/ml 40mg/ml Injectable suspension 182,763 L.L
H02AB04 DEPO MEDROL B Methylprednisolone acetate - 80mg/2ml 80mg/2ml Injectable suspension 365,525 L.L
H02AB08 TRIACORT G Triamcinolone acetonide - 40mg/ml 40mg/ml Injectable suspension 745,833 L.L
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