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Overview

Generalities
Agents Several agents:
 
1) Bacteria:
- Neisseria meningitides (meningococcus): the serotypes responsible of invasive infection are A, B, C, W135, Y, X
- Haemophilus influenza: there are 6 serotypes from (a) to (f). The serotype (b) is responsible of invasive infection
- Streptococcus pneumonia (pneumococcus): there are more than 90 serotypes
- Other bacterial agents: listeria, staphylococcus, enteric bacteria, group B streptococci, tuberculosis …
 
2) Virus:
- Mumps
- Measles
- West Nile virus: a flavivirus
- Enterovirus: including Coxsackieviruses A (1-11, 14, 16-18, 22, 24), Coxsackieviruses B (1-6), Echoviruses (1-7, 9-23, 25, 27, 30-33), Enterovirus 71, Poliovirus (1-3)
- Herpes Simplex virus: with 2 types 1 and 2
- Varicella / Chicken-pox: Human (alpha) herpesvirus 3 (varicella-zoster) from the group Herpesvirus
- Adenovirus: Adenovirus, several types (1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 7), genus Mastadenovirus, family Adenoviridae,
- Lymphocytic choriomeningitis: lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (arenavirus)
- Sandfly fever viruses: genus phlebovirus, family Bunyaviridae. They include more than 60 antigenically distinct virus serotypes. Two main groups are identified: the sandfly fever group including the Naples serocomplex (Karimabad virus, Arabia virus, Massilia virus, Punique virus, Tehran virus, Toscana virus …) and Sicilian serocomplex; and the Uukuniemi group.
-Other virus: arboviruses…
 
3) Parasites and fungi:
- Leptospirosis: Spirochetes, Leptospira interrogans  (25 serogroups)
- Other:  Candida albicans, cryptococcal, syphilis …
Incubation The incubation varies with the agent.
 
Agent Incubation
Bacteria  
Neisseria meningitidis 3-4 days (2-10 days)
Haemophilus influenza 2-4 days
Streptococcus pneumoniae 1-4 days
Listeria monocytogenes 3-70 days (median of 3 weeks)
Virus  
West Nile virus 3-12 days
Enterovirus 7-14 days (2-35 days)
Herpes 2-12 days
Varicella / Chicken-pox 2-3 weeks
Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus 8-13 days (15-21 days for meningitis)
Adenovirus 1-10 days
Sandfly fever viruses 3-4 days (up to 6 days)
Parasites and Mycoses  
Leptospira 2-30 days (10 days)
 
 
 
Period of communicability The period of communicability varies with the agent.
 
Agent Period of communicability
Bacteria  
Neisseria meningitidis From onset and up to 24 hours after starting antibiotherapy that has effective concentrations in nasopharynx.
Haemophilus influenza From onset and up to 24-48 hours of starting effective antibiotherapy.
Streptococcus pneumoniae As long as the bacteria is present in the upper respiratory tract.
Listeria monocytogenes - Mothers of infected newborns can shed the bacteria in vaginal discharges and urine 7-0 days after delivery
- Infected patients can shed the bacteria in stool for several months
Virus  
West Nile virus No person-to-person transmission.
Enterovirus - Virus excreted in stools for several weeks
- Virus excreted in pharynx for the first 2 weeks post infection
Herpes 2-7 weeks after skin lesions onset.
Varicella / Chicken-pox 2 days before until the skin lesions are crusted (5 days).
Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus No person to person transmission.
Adenovirus Shortly prior to and for the duration of the active disease
Sandfly fever viruses Virus present in blood of infected patients 1 day before and 1 day after onset of illness.
Parasites and Mycoses  
Leptospira Excreted in urine for 1 month
 
 
Reservoir The reservoir varies with the agent.
 
Agent Reservoir
Bacteria  
Neisseria meningitidis Humans
Haemophilus influenza Humans
Streptococcus pneumoniae Humans, possible carriage.
Listeria monocytogenes Soil, forage, water, mud and silage.
Virus  
West Nile virus Birds
Enterovirus Humans
Herpes Humans
Varicella / Chicken-pox Humans
Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus House mouse (Mus musculus), hamster colonies. The mouse excretes the virus in saliva, feces and urine.
Adenovirus Humans
Sandfly fever viruses Humans, rodents.
Parasites and Mycoses  
Leptospira Wild and domestic animals
 
 
Modes of transmission The modes of transmission vary with the agent.
 
Agent Modes of transmission
Bacteria  
Neisseria meningitidis Person to person transmission: direct contact with droplet, nasal and throat discharge
Haemophilus influenza Person to person transmission: direct contact with respiratory, nasal and throat discharge.
Streptococcus pneumoniae Person to person transmission: direct contact with respiratory discharge
Listeria monocytogenes - Food-borne: ingestion of raw or contaminated milk, soft cheese vegetables and ready-to-eat meats (Pate)
- Direct contact with infectious material
- Neonatal: from mother to fetus or from mother to newborn (through the infected birth canal)
- Nosocomial transmission in nursery: via contaminated equipment or material
Virus  
West Nile virus Bite by infected mosquitoes (Culex sp, or Anophele sp)
Enterovirus - Person-to-person:
- Fecal-oral
- Contact with respiratory secretions
- Contact with conjunctival secretions
- Contaminated water / swimming pools
- Flies
Herpes - Person-to-person:
- Contact with saliva
- Sexual contact
- Soiled hands
- Neonatal (infected birth canal)
Varicella / Chicken-pox - Person-to-person:
- Contact with droplets
- Contact with vesicle fluid
- Indirect contact
- Airborne
Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus - Airborne: contaminated dust
- Food-borne: ingestion of contaminated food
- Direct contact: skin contamination or cuts
Adenovirus - Person-to-person:
- Fecal-oral route
- Respiratory transmission
- Inoculation with conjunctival secretions
- Nosocomial
- Contaminated water and swimming pools
Sandfly fever viruses Bite of infective phlebotomine (Phlebotomus papatasi, P. perfiliewi , P. perniciosus, P. major sensu lato )
Parasites and Mycoses  
Leptospira - Contact with abraded skin or mucous membranes with soil, vegetation, contaminated with urine of infected animals or contaminated water
- Direct contact with urine or tissues of infected animals
- Ingestion of food or water contaminated with urine of infected animals
 
 
Clinical The symptoms vary with the agent.
 
Agent Clinical picture
Bacteria  
Neisseria meningitidis Meningitis, septicaemia
Haemophilus influenza Meningitis, epiglottitis, pneumonia …
Streptococcus pneumoniae Meningitis, pneumonia, septicaemia
Listeria monocytogenes  
Virus  
West Nile virus - Usually asymptomatic.
- Complication: meningitis and encephalitis
Enterovirus - Asymptomatic,
- Gastro-enteritis, flu-like illness, aseptic meningitis, paralysis
Herpes - Gingivostomatitis (type1), genital infection (type 2)
- Complications: meningoencephalitis
- Reactivation is possible
Varicella / Chicken-pox - Skin eruption: first maculo-papular then vesicular.
- Complications: pneumonia, hemorrhage, meningoencephalitis
Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus - Influenza-like illness.
- Complications: meningitis, parotiditis, arthritis, myocarditis…
Adenovirus - Epidemic herato-conjunctivitis, gastro-enteritis, pharyngo-conjunctival fever, acute respiratory infection
- Complications: meningoencephalitis
Sandfly fever viruses - Usually self-limited disease: fever, myalgia, headache, photophobia …
- Complications: Aseptic meningitis and meningoencephalitis (Toscana),
Parasites and Mycoses  
Leptospira Rash, hemolytic anemia, hemorrhage, hepato-renal failure, mental confusion, myocarditis…
 
 
Worldwide  
Agent Profil
Bacteria  
Neisseria meningitidis Endemic in the African meninigitis belt (from Senegal to Ethiopa)
Haemophilus influenza Worldwide under 5 years
Streptococcus pneumoniae Worldwide
Listeria monocytogenes Worldwide
Virus  
West Nile virus Widespread in Africa, Middle East, North America, India.
 
Enterovirus Worldwide
Herpes Worldwide
Varicella / Chicken-pox Worldwide
Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus America, Europe.
Adenovirus Worldwide
Sandfly fever viruses In Mediterranean counties, Europe and Middle East
Parasites and Mycoses  
Leptospirose Worldwide
 
 
Lebanon The annual average of reported cases of meningitis is 192.
Among them, meningitis due to Neisseria meningitis occurs with 6 (2-12) cases per year.
Among them, meningitis due to Haemophilus influenza occurs with 1 (0-2) cases per year.
Among them, meningitis due to Streptococcus pneumoniae occurs with 19 (16-21) cases per year.
 
Control objective Control
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ATC Name B/G Ingredients Dosage Form Price
C10AA01 VASCOR G Simvastatin - 40mg 40mg Tablet, scored 284,127 L.L
D06BB03 CYCLOVEX G Aciclovir - 50mg/g 50mg/g Cream 345,560 L.L
J01DH02 MERO CARE G Meropenem - 1g 1g Injectable powder for solution 643,701 L.L
J05AB01 LOVRAK-JULPHAR G Aciclovir - 250mg 250mg Injectable lyophilised powder 278,175 L.L
L01CB01 ETOPOSIDE VIATRIS 20MG/ML G Etoposide - 100mg/5ml 100mg/5ml Injectable concentrated solution 1,544,466 L.L
M03AC09 ROCUCELL G Rocuronium bromide - 50mg/5ml 50mg/5ml Injectable solution 3,633,494 L.L
N02BE01 PARACETAMOL PANPHARMA G Paracetamol - 1000mg/100ml 10mg/ml Injectable solution 2,215,996 L.L
R03BA02 AERONIDE G Budesonide - 200mcg 200mcg Capsule, inhalation 1,150,329 L.L
A02BC01 GASTRAZOLE G Omeprazole - 20mg 20mg Capsule 134,384 L.L
A06AX01 SUPPOSITOIRE GLYCERINE ADULTE G Glycerol Stearate USP - Suppository 179,179 L.L
B05BB02 DEXTROSE 5% & SODIUM CHLORIDE 0.3% G Sodium chloride - 0.3g/100ml, Dextrose, H2O - 5g/100ml Injectable solution 220,643 L.L
C01DX12 MOLSIDOMINE BIOGARAN G Molsidomine - 2mg 2mg Tablet, scored 713,580 L.L
C09AA03 TENSIKEY G Lisinopril - 20mg 20mg Tablet 460,938 L.L
C10AA02 ATERKEY G Lovastatin - 20mg 20mg Tablet 1,053,573 L.L
J01AA07 TETRACYCLINE G Tetracycline HCl - 250mg 250mg Capsule 3,906,998 L.L
J01DH02 MEROLIN G Meropenem (trihydrate) - 1g 1g Injectable powder for solution 2,402,668 L.L
L01CD01 PACLITAXEL MYLAN PHARMA 6MG/ML G Paclitaxel - 300mg/50ml 300mg/50ml Injectable concentrated powder for solution 52,787,940 L.L
L04AD02 TACROGRAF 5 G Tacrolimus - 5mg 5mg Capsule 67,507,154 L.L
M03AC09 RUCORON G Rocuronium bromide - 50mg/5ml 50mg/5ml Injectable solution 3,711,693 L.L
N02BE01 PARAMED G Paracetamol - 10mg/ml 10mg/ml Injectable solution 814,369 L.L
N05AH03 OLANZAMED G Olanzapine - 5mg 5mg Tablet 665,522 L.L
R03BA02 BUDECORT 200 G Budesonide - 200mcg/actuation 200mcg/actuation Metered dose inhaler 808,993 L.L
S01AE06 TYMER G Gatifloxacin (sesquihydrate) - 3mg/ml 3mg/ml Drops solution 427,342 L.L
A02BC01 GASTRAZOLE G Omeprazole - 20mg 20mg Capsule 377,620 L.L
A10BF01 GLUFIX G Acarbose - 50mg 50mg Tablet 1,294,120 L.L
B01AF01 RIBAVAN G Rivaroxaban - 15mg 15mg Tablet, film coated 1,343,843 L.L
B05BC01 MANNITOL G Mannitol - 20g/100ml 20g/100ml Injectable solution 406,810 L.L
C10AA03 APO-PRAVASTATIN G Pravastatin Sodium - 40mg 40mg Tablet 958,160 L.L
D06BB10 GENIMOD G Imiquimod - 5% 5% Cream 2,268,406 L.L
J01AA07 TETRACYCLINE G Tetracycline HCl - 250mg 250mg Capsule 1,247,086 L.L
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